?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???.
???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ”????? ??????“ ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ”??????? ?????“ ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? (Lindberg and Sundelius, 2012)? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ”?????? ??????? ??? ??????“. ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? NL Alert(1)? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? Din S?kerhet(2)? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??.
???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? (BBC News, 2007; see?also Greggs and others, 2006)? ??? ????? ??????? (?????????)? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? (???? ??????? ???? ?????). ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????.
???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????: ”????????? (?????) ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????“? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (Krueger, 2014; Warner and Engel, 2014). ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???. ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? (Kirschenbaum, 2004).
???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ”??????? ???????? ??? ???????“. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ”??????? ???????? ???????“ ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????. ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????.
???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?? ???? ????? ”?????????? ??????? ?????????“ ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? (Paul, 2009)? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (??? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????) ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 2006? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? (Keck and Edzold, 2013).
???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ”????????“ ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????. ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.
???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ”??????? ??????“ ??”??????? ????????“. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? (Engel and others, 2014). ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? (Prince, 1920; Barton, 1969; Oliver-Smith, 1986). ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???. ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ”?? ????“ ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????.
???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (Boin and others, 2008). ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???: ”????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????“? ?? ”????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????“?. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? (???????) ?? ??? 2009? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??/????? 2016 ?? ??????? (???????)? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????.
???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? 2014 ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????2016 ?? ???? (???????)? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????: ”?????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????“ ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????: ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? (EDUCEN)(3). ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????.
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1 -??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????: .
2 -??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? Din S?kerhet ??? ?????? ??????: .
3 -??? EDUCEN ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????2020 (Horizon 2020). ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????: .
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Barton, Allen H. (1969). Communities in Disaster: A Sociological Analysis of Collective Stress Situations. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
BBC News (2007). Saved by tsunami folklore, 10 March. Available from .
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Engel, Karen, and others (2014). Flood disaster subcultures in the Netherlands: the parishes of Borgharen and Itteren. Natural Hazards, vol. 73, No. 2 (September), pp. 859–882.
Gregg, Chris E., and others (2006). Natural warning signs of tsunamis: human sensory experience and response to the 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in Thailand. Earthquake Spectra, vol. 22, No. S3 (June), pp. S671–S691.
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (2014). ????? ??????? ?? ???????2014: ??????? ??? ??????? ????????. ????.
Keck, Markus, and Benjamin Edzold (2013). Resilience refused: wasted potentials for improving food security in Dhaka. Erdkunde, vol. 67, No. 1 (January–March), pp.75-91.
Kirschenbaum, Alan (2004). Generic sources of disaster communities: a social network approach. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, vol. 24, Nos. 10/11 (October), pp. 94–129.
Krüeger, Fred, and others, eds.(2015). Cultures and Disasters: Understanding Cultural Framings in Disaster Risk Reduction. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Lindberg, Helena, and Bengt Sundelius (2012). Whole-of-society disaster resilience: the Swedish way. In The McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Handbook, David G. Kamien, ed., 2nd ed., 1295–1319. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Oliver-Smith, Anthony (1986). The Martyred City: Death and Rebirth in the Andes. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press.
Paul, Bimal Kanti (2009). Why relatively fewer people died? The case of Bangladesh’s Cyclone Sidr. Natural Hazards, vol. 50, No. 2 (August), pp.289-304.
Prince, Samuel H. (1920) Catastrophe and Social Change: Based Upon a Sociological Study of the Halifax Disaster. New York: Columbia University.
Warner, Jeroen, and Karen Engel (2014). Disaster culture matters. Ambiente e?Sociedade, vol. XVII, No. 4 (December), pp. 1-8.
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