%PDF-1.2 %睼珃 16 0 obj << /Length 17 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (45) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 142.5 -12.75 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.1482 Tc 0.6482 Tw (THE FUTURE OF FERTIL) Tj 144.75 0 TD -0.0336 Tc 0.0336 Tw (ITY IN ) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -213.75 -14.25 TD -0.07 Tc (INTERMEDIATE) Tj 95.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0849 Tc (FERTILI) Tj 49.5 0 TD -0.0916 Tc 0.0916 Tw (TY COUNTRIES) Tj 90.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -119.25 -12 TD /F2 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -46.5 -12 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0213 Tc -0.5412 Tw (Population Division) Tj 89.25 5.25 TD /F3 6.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (*) Tj 3.75 -5.25 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -46.5 -12.75 TD /F2 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -198 -12 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 178.5 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf 0.0305 Tc 0 Tw (Abstract) Tj 38.25 0 TD /F2 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -252.75 -12 TD /F0 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 50.25 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.014 Tc -0.0664 Tw (This paper reviews the status of the fertility transition and the processes that have ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0713 Tc 2.3838 Tw (led to the nearly universal reductions of fertility achieved so far. The s) Tj 338.25 0 TD -0.2713 Tc 1.5838 Tw (tate of ) Tj -338.25 -12.75 TD -0.0609 Tc 1.2484 Tw (current knowledge, buttressed by the actual experience of a growing number of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0073 Tc -0.0552 Tw (countries, suggests that lengthy periods of below) Tj 218.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0357 Tc -0.2268 Tw (replacement fertility are likely to ) Tj -221.25 -12.75 TD -0.0428 Tc 0.0573 Tw (be common in the future. Revised guidelines for the 51勛圖 2002 Revision ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.1237 Tc 0 Tw (for) Tj 13.5 0 TD -0.0749 Tc 4.441 Tw ( the projection of fertility in today\222s intermediate) Tj 248.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0714 Tc 4.3839 Tw (fertility countries are) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -264.75 -12.75 TD -0.0308 Tc 5.3433 Tw (proposed based on the recognition that replacement) Tj 264.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0659 Tc 5.2534 Tw (level fertility is not) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -268.5 -12 TD 0.009 Tc 0.9285 Tw (necessarily hard) Tj 75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0869 Tc 1.2744 Tw (wired in the evolution of populations. The proposed guidelines ) Tj -78.75 -12.75 TD -0.1691 Tc 2.6066 Tw (imply that, under the med) Tj 122.25 0 TD -0.1088 Tc 1.8796 Tw (ium variant, approximately 80 per cent of the world ) Tj -122.25 -12.75 TD -0.0034 Tc 3.1909 Tw (population will be projected to have below) Tj 210 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0296 Tc 2.7171 Tw (replacement fertility before mid) Tj 150.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -364.5 -12.75 TD 0.0248 Tc (century.) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -51 -12.75 TD /F0 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 180.75 -12.75 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (I) Tj 3.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0919 Tc (NTRODUCTION) Tj 66 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -250.5 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1522 Tc 1.8397 Tw (Since the late 1960s, when the baby) Tj 167.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1895 Tc 1.7407 Tw (boom that had raised fertility levels in many parts of the ) Tj -207 -12.75 TD -0.2953 Tc 0 Tw (develope) Tj 39 0 TD -0.1596 Tc 1.9543 Tw (d world was rapidly turning into a baby) Tj 185.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1968 Tc 1.9593 Tw (bust, very low fertility has prevailed in many of the ) Tj -228 -12.75 TD -0.1127 Tc 1.7466 Tw (countries that had embarked early on the demographic transition. Thus, fertility levels have remained ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1129 Tc 0.5254 Tw (consistently below 2.1 children per woman for at least 25 ye) Tj 270.75 0 TD -0.0803 Tc 0.3616 Tw (ars in 20 European countries and Japan, and ) Tj -270.75 -12.75 TD -0.125 Tc 2.5625 Tw (by 1995) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1627 Tc 2.493 Tw (2000 a further 44 countries were exhibiting below) Tj 235.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.14 Tc 2.1275 Tw (replacement fertility. Although such low ) Tj -280.5 -12.75 TD -0.1317 Tc 1.7723 Tw (levels of fertility are mostly characteristic of European countries, they have not been confined to that ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1768 Tc 3.3643 Tw (major ar) Tj 39.75 0 TD -0.1183 Tc 3.3808 Tw (ea. Several Caribbean islands \(Barbados, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico and) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -39.75 -12 TD -0.1606 Tc 0.3481 Tw (Trinidad and Tobago\) as well as a number of countries or areas in Eastern and South) Tj 372.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1275 Tc 0.315 Tw (Eastern Asia \(China, ) Tj -376.5 -12.75 TD -0.1169 Tc 0.8294 Tw (the Democratic People\222s Republic of Korea, Hong Kong SAR, Macao ) Tj 321 0 TD -0.1566 Tc 0.7191 Tw (SAR, the Republic of Korea and ) Tj -321 -12.75 TD -0.1529 Tc 0.3404 Tw (Singapore\) are also part of the group and have the distinction of having joined it even though their fertility ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1514 Tc 1.0514 Tw (began to decline well after 1950. That is, for these countries, just as for the early starters, the decline of ) Tj T* 0.0875 Tc 0 Tw (fer) Tj 12.75 0 TD -0.1345 Tc 2.647 Tw (tility has not stopped at replacement level and in this \223post) Tj 282 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1117 Tc 2.3992 Tw (transitional phase\224, fertility may not ) Tj -298.5 -12.75 TD -0.1306 Tc 0.3181 Tw (necessarily return to replacement level over the foreseeable future.) Tj 293.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -293.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.1448 Tc 1.0823 Tw (In its fifty years of preparing population estimates and projections for all countrie) Tj 369 0 TD -0.1227 Tc 0.6852 Tw (s and areas of ) Tj -405 -12.75 TD -0.0977 Tc 0.9852 Tw (the world, the 51勛圖 Population Division has been concerned with the challenge of projecting ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1712 Tc 1.1664 Tw (the future fertility levels of countries with very low fertility. Already in the ) Tj 342 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 1.1037 Tw (1968 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.3188 Tc 1.2562 Tw (, the medium) Tj 57.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -463.5 -12.75 TD -0.0746 Tc 2.5121 Tw (variant projection for Japan kep) Tj 150 0 TD -0.1265 Tc 2.564 Tw (t its fertility levels slightly below replacement level for part of the ) Tj -150 -12.75 TD -0.1668 Tc 0.5043 Tw (projection period, and in the ) Tj 127.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (1978 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1811 Tc 0.3686 Tw (, China was projected to exhibit below) Tj 169.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1127 Tc 0.3002 Tw (replacement fertility by ) Tj -364.5 -12.75 TD -0.1524 Tc 0.3976 Tw (2000. However, until the late 1980s, when projections were being made with a ) Tj 350.25 0 TD -0.1352 Tc 0.1352 Tw (time horizon that extended ) Tj -350.25 -12.75 TD -0.1071 Tc 1 Tw (only to 2025, the number of countries whose fertility was projected to be or remain below replacement ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0929 Tc 1.0679 Tw (level for a good part of the projection period was small. In the 1990s, as the number of countries with ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1305 Tc 0.568 Tw (very low fertility incr) Tj 95.25 0 TD -0.0646 Tc 0.2521 Tw (eased, a more systematic treatment of those countries became necessary. To review ) Tj -95.25 -12.75 TD -0.1641 Tc 1.2516 Tw (the guidelines for the projection of fertility in countries with below) Tj 303 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.119 Tc 0.869 Tw (replacement fertility, the Population ) Tj -306.75 -12.75 TD -0.0942 Tc 1.2363 Tw (Division convened in 1997 a meeting of experts to discuss the cau) Tj 304.5 0 TD -0.0934 Tc 0.9237 Tw (ses of the changes observed and the ) Tj -304.5 -17.25 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 72 88.5 144 0.75 re f BT 216 87 TD ( ) Tj -108 -8.25 TD /F5 6.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (*) Tj 3.75 -4.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0493 Tc -0.2743 Tw (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 51勛圖 Secretariat. ) Tj 266.25 0 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 17 0 obj 8571 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font 20 0 R /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 16 0 R >> endobj 20 0 obj << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 14 0 R /F5 18 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Length 23 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (46) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1918 Tc 4.1293 Tw (prospects for the maintenance of below) Tj 191.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1562 Tc 4.0937 Tw (replacement fertility over the long run. The assumptions) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -195 -12.75 TD -0.1341 Tc 1.0716 Tw (underlying the ) Tj 69.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 1.7287 Tw (1998 Revision) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1418 Tc 1.6563 Tw ( were the first to reflect the debates and conclusions reached during that ) Tj -134.25 -12.75 TD -0.2887 Tc 0 Tw (meeting.) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -1.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0848 Tc 1.2723 Tw (In 2001, a ) Tj 52.5 0 TD -0.0805 Tc 1.5805 Tw (similar meeting of experts was convened to discuss prospects for countries where ) Tj -88.5 -12.75 TD -0.1372 Tc 1.0306 Tw (fertility had not yet begun to decline or where fertility declines were incipient. The importance of those ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1489 Tc 2.3051 Tw (countries was underscored by the results of the ) Tj 227.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 2.6037 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 65.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0967 Tc 1.0343 Tw ( where ) Tj 36.75 0 TD -0.1689 Tc 2.6064 Tw (their fertility was projected to) Tj 0 Tc -1.3125 Tw ( ) Tj -329.25 -12.75 TD -0.1725 Tc 1.11 Tw (decline more slowly than in the ) Tj 146.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.139 Tc 1.0765 Tw (1998 Revision.) Tj 66.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1384 Tc 0.9925 Tw ( As a result of such a change, the high) Tj 174 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 0.6454 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -390.75 -12.75 TD -0.0947 Tc 0.4007 Tw (contributed about a quarter of a billion additional persons to the world population in 2050, in spite of the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1097 Tc 0 Tw (substant) Tj 36 0 TD -0.138 Tc 0.5255 Tw (ial reductions in fertility projected under the medium variant. Were those reductions in fertility to ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0862 Tc 0.4612 Tw (be postponed further or to be less substantial than projected, the resulting population growth would have ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1658 Tc 0.3533 Tw (been even more marked.) Tj 108.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -72.75 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1684 Tc 1.1059 Tw (Lastly, a further develo) Tj 105.75 0 TD -0.0907 Tc 1.0282 Tw (pment that merits consideration is the discussion of future prospects for ) Tj -141.75 -12.75 TD -0.14 Tc 0.1952 Tw (the decline of fertility to levels below replacement in the numerous countries that are already far advanced ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1567 Tc 1.8442 Tw (in the fertility transition. If, following the precedent set by their Eur) Tj 314.25 0 TD -0.1565 Tc 1.394 Tw (opean counterparts, most of those ) Tj -314.25 -12.75 TD -0.1489 Tc 0.3364 Tw (countries were to progress to below) Tj 157.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1161 Tc 0.3718 Tw (replacement levels as they complete the transition to low fertility and ) Tj -161.25 -12.75 TD -0.0672 Tc 2.4578 Tw (maintain such levels for prolonged periods, both the growth of their populations and the speed of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.183 Tc 1.1205 Tw (population agein) Tj 74.25 0 TD -0.0674 Tc 1.0491 Tw (g would be affected. It is therefore the purpose of this meeting to discuss the array of ) Tj -74.25 -12 TD -0.1073 Tc 1.7066 Tw (factors that seem relevant in explaining the persistence of very low fertility and to assess their likely ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0734 Tc 0.1776 Tw (relevance and impact for countries that are still undergoing ) Tj 266.25 0 TD -0.0548 Tc 0.3361 Tw (the transition from high to low fertility, most ) Tj -266.25 -12.75 TD -0.0498 Tc 0.9873 Tw (of which have reached intermediate fertility levels. The aim of such an assessment is to provide some ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1482 Tc 1.1392 Tw (guidance in the formulation of specific assumptions about future fertility levels for those countries. Thi) Tj 463.5 0 TD 0.1237 Tc 0.0638 Tw (s ) Tj -463.5 -12.75 TD -0.0571 Tc 0.8946 Tw (paper presents a general approach to the formulation of projection assumptions and sets forth concrete ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1532 Tc 0.3407 Tw (proposals regarding the future path of fertility for the intermediate) Tj 291 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1082 Tc 0.2957 Tw (fertility countries.) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -337.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 165 -12 TD 0.0638 Tc 0.1237 Tw (A. T) Tj 21 0 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.0941 Tc 0.0941 Tw (HE ISSUES) Tj 44.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -266.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1622 Tc 3.3497 Tw (The prolonged prevalence of below) Tj 168.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1362 Tc (replaceme) Tj 45.75 0 TD -0.1635 Tc 3.2438 Tw (nt fertility levels leads eventually to outright ) Tj -254.25 -12.75 TD -0.0982 Tc 2.5857 Tw (reductions of the population unless net migration gains are also sustained and sufficiently large to ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1275 Tc 1.1119 Tw (counterbalance the decline in the number of births. Furthermore, in the absence of migration, the lower ) Tj T* -0.2513 Tc 0 Tw (th) Tj 8.25 0 TD -0.1618 Tc 1.016 Tw (e level of fertility attained and maintained, the more rapid the speed of population ageing, and when a ) Tj -8.25 -12.75 TD -0.1392 Tc 0.3267 Tw (population reaches advanced stages in population ageing and a steady decline of the proportion of persons ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0796 Tc 1.1109 Tw (in the reproductive ages sets in, the return o) Tj 200.25 0 TD -0.1196 Tc 1.1405 Tw (f fertility to levels above replacement will not immediately ) Tj -200.25 -12 TD -0.142 Tc 0.369 Tw (halt the reduction of the overall population. That is, just as a prolonged regime of high fertility produces a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1367 Tc 2.7105 Tw (population that keeps on growing for at least a generation after below) Tj 333.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.1063 Tc 2.3312 Tw (replacement f) Tj 63 0 TD -0.0963 Tc 1.7838 Tw (ertility sets in, ) Tj -400.5 -12.75 TD -0.1676 Tc 1.1051 Tw (prolonged periods of below) Tj 123.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1237 Tc 0.8946 Tw (replacement fertility create a population whose reproductive dynamics have ) Tj -127.5 -12.75 TD -0.5306 Tc 3.7181 Tw (an in) Tj 24 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1075 Tc 3.4995 Tw (built momentum toward population decline. In brief, neither sustained fertility levels above) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -28.5 -12.75 TD -0.0741 Tc 1.7616 Tw (replacement nor those below replaceme) Tj 183.75 0 TD -0.0958 Tc 1.9083 Tw (nt lead to a steady state in terms of population growth. This ) Tj -183.75 -12.75 TD -0.1363 Tc 0.3863 Tw (fundamental principle in population dynamics has explicitly or implicitly guided thinking about long) Tj 444 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0928 Tc -0.4697 Tw (term ) Tj -447.75 -12.75 TD -0.0998 Tc 3.3498 Tw (fertility trends among demographers in general and in the 51勛圖 Population Divi) Tj 434.25 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 4.0219 Tw (sion in) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -434.25 -12 TD -0.0839 Tc 0 Tw (particular.) Tj 45 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -45 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1487 Tc 0.4515 Tw (Although our knowledge about the dynamics of populations throughout human history is sketchy, ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0612 Tc 0.2928 Tw (it is certain that the trends experienced during the twentieth century have been unique. Never before had ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1459 Tc 0.3334 Tw (the world\222s population grown so ra) Tj 154.5 0 TD -0.1665 Tc 0.3004 Tw (pidly and for such a prolonged period as in second half of the twentieth ) Tj -154.5 -12.75 TD -0.1171 Tc 1.0987 Tw (century. And never before had global reductions in the growth rate been achieved by the sustained and ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0985 Tc 0.286 Tw (expanding reduction of fertility among the peoples of the world. In the 1950s, wh) Tj 361.5 0 TD -0.1059 Tc 0.5434 Tw (en population dynamics ) Tj -361.5 -12.75 TD -0.085 Tc 0.2725 Tw (in the developing world began to be measured systematically, demographers warned of the unsustainable ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1335 Tc 1.121 Tw (nature of prolonged and rapid population growth. Population projections were a valuable tool in calling ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.088 Tc 1.0255 Tw (attention to the challenges) Tj 118.5 0 TD -0.0764 Tc 1.0139 Tw ( that lay ahead. Perhaps remarkably, the 51勛圖 Population Division ) Tj ET endstream endobj 23 0 obj 8826 endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 22 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Length 26 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (47) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.116 Tc 0.4614 Tw (projected in the early 1960s that the population in 2000 would be close to 6.1 billion \(medium variant\), a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1583 Tc 1.0021 Tw (figure very similar to that estimated in the ) Tj 193.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 1.1037 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1872 Tc 1.1247 Tw (. Even in the l) Tj 63 0 TD -0.1455 Tc 0.833 Tw (ate 1950s and early 1960s, when ) Tj -320.25 -12.75 TD -0.0848 Tc 0.2281 Tw (there was a yet no conclusive evidence suggesting that fertility reductions were about to take place, these ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0761 Tc 0.3708 Tw (projections resulted from assumptions that foresaw important reductions in fertility in almost all regions. ) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0209 Tc 0.9166 Tw (The nece) Tj 41.25 0 TD -0.1275 Tc 1.065 Tw (ssity of those reductions to achieve eventually a steady state in which births and deaths would ) Tj -41.25 -12.75 TD -0.1275 Tc 0.2079 Tw (nearly balance each other was a clear, if perhaps unstated, premise guiding the assumptions made.) Tj 432 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -432 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0884 Tc 1.0259 Tw (Today, when there is convincing evidence that reductions of ) Tj 279 0 TD -0.0238 Tc 0.8363 Tw (fertility have started in almost all ) Tj -315 -12.75 TD -0.0905 Tc 0.278 Tw (countries of the world, the focus has shifted to discussion about the \223end of population growth\224, a phrase ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0961 Tc 3.4336 Tw (increasingly used to evoke population declines.) Tj 225.75 5.25 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 3.75 -5.25 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1153 Tc 3.5171 Tw ( The results of current population projections are) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -229.5 -12.75 TD 0.0225 Tc 1.665 Tw (interpreted a) Tj 57 0 TD -0.1145 Tc 1.802 Tw (s meaning that further reductions of fertility are inevitable in every population and scant ) Tj -57 -12.75 TD -0.1528 Tc 1.7962 Tw (attention is given to the fact that, even if those fertility reductions materialize as projected, the global ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.067 Tc 0.3616 Tw (population will continue to increase to unprecedented l) Tj 245.25 0 TD -0.1006 Tc 0.6631 Tw (evels and, perhaps more importantly, that most of ) Tj -245.25 -12.75 TD -0.0988 Tc 4.8488 Tw (the population growth expected will be concentrated in specific regions, thus maintaining the) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1274 Tc 0.3149 Tw (heterogeneity of population dynamics at the regional, country and sub) Tj 308.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1572 Tc 0.2197 Tw (national levels for many decades to ) Tj -312 -12.75 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (come.) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -27 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1501 Tc 0.3376 Tw (It is in this context that the key question posed by this meeting arises: should the attainment of the ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0688 Tc 0.2563 Tw (steady state in population dynamics during the next fifty years be the most realistic standard followed by ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1034 Tc 0.9337 Tw (the projections of countries that are far ad) Tj 189 0 TD -0.1967 Tc 1.1342 Tw (vanced in the transition to low fertility? Or, alternatively, if as ) Tj -189 -12.75 TD -0.1287 Tc 1.6662 Tw (suggested by the experience of developed countries, actual fertility reductions have no respect for the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0696 Tc 0.3107 Tw (steady state and very often produce levels well below those needed to attain it, whi) Tj 369.75 0 TD -0.195 Tc 0.3825 Tw (ch below) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.152 Tc 0.2895 Tw (level or levels should be projected for the future and how rapidly should they be attained?) Tj 395.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -395.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1185 Tc 0.4384 Tw (In answering these critical questions it will be useful to bear in mind the implications of different ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1029 Tc 1.7904 Tw (errors. Since no one is likely to predi) Tj 173.25 0 TD -0.1205 Tc 1.6717 Tw (ct the future accurately most of the time, errors will necessarily ) Tj -173.25 -12 TD -0.1775 Tc 1.04 Tw (occur. If, for a given country, projected fertility levels over the long run turn out to be higher than those ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.149 Tc 0.5411 Tw (actually experienced by the country in question, the country will eventually ha) Tj 348 0 TD -0.1123 Tc 0.2998 Tw (ve less people and an older ) Tj -348 -12.75 TD -0.1286 Tc 1.7161 Tw (population than originally expected but, other things being equal, will likely have more resources per ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1463 Tc 0.3338 Tw (capita than with a larger population. If, on the contrary, projected fertility over the long run turns out to be ) Tj T* -0.1654 Tc 3.3529 Tw (lower than ) Tj 3.255 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 60.75 0 TD -0.1033 Tc 3.398 Tw (ctual fertility, the needs of larger numbers of people than expected will have to be) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -60.75 -12.75 TD -0.1268 Tc 0.4327 Tw (accommodated. At the regional or world levels, the predominance of the first type of error will result in a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1312 Tc 0.2506 Tw (higher population than the actual one and the reverse will be t) Tj 272.25 0 TD -0.145 Tc 0.2387 Tw (rue if the second type of error predominates. ) Tj -272.25 -12.75 TD -0.1546 Tc 1.6171 Tw (In the history of the Population Division\222s population projections, an ) Tj 320.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.046 Tc 1.7335 Tw (a posteriori) Tj 54 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.104 Tc 0.5415 Tw ( assessment suggests ) Tj -374.25 -12 TD -0.0762 Tc 1.6699 Tw (that the first type of error has tended to predominate. Thus, as several commentators have remarked ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0387 Tc 0 Tw (before) Tj 28.5 0 TD -0.1387 Tc 1.0294 Tw (, the medium variant has tended to produce higher populations than actually attained at the world ) Tj -28.5 -12.75 TD -0.1337 Tc 1.027 Tw (level \(figure 1\). Of course, that overall tendency has been the result of decisions made independently at ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1514 Tc 2.5889 Tw (the country level where, especially in a context of ) Tj 244.5 0 TD -0.0892 Tc 2.0768 Tw (unprecedented fertility reductions, analysts have ) Tj -244.5 -12.75 TD -0.109 Tc 1.0465 Tw (underestimated, on average, the actual rate of decline. In particular, because it is difficult to predict the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1397 Tc 0.3772 Tw (onset of fertility reductions in countries where fertility has not yet shown any signs of change) Tj 413.25 0 TD -0.0881 Tc 0.2756 Tw (, projections ) Tj -413.25 -12.75 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.3869 Tw (have tended to miss the point of inflection. Thus, although by the early 1970s the population projections ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1501 Tc 1.7376 Tw (of the 51勛圖 were already based on the assumption that fertility reductions would eventually ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1224 Tc 2.6849 Tw (occur in all regions, the timing ) Tj 3.375 Tc 0 Tw (o) Tj 158.25 0 TD -0.0879 Tc 2.2254 Tw (f those reductions was uncertain and was not necessarily forecast ) Tj -158.25 -12.75 TD -0.1325 Tc 0.32 Tw (accurately for every country. As it turned out, the ) Tj 221.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.2287 Tw (1973 Revision ) Tj 66.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1698 Tc 0.451 Tw (was right in assessing that the last region ) Tj -288 -12.75 TD -0.1266 Tc 0.2391 Tw (to experience significant fertility reductions would be Africa, where fertility ) Tj 339 0 TD -0.1142 Tc 0.1517 Tw (decline was projected to start ) Tj -339 -12.75 TD -0.0841 Tc 0.2716 Tw (toward the end of the 1980s, and that poor socio) Tj 216 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0921 Tc 0.4939 Tw (economic prospects would generally be associated with ) Tj -219.75 -12.75 TD -0.1408 Tc 1.7346 Tw (slow reductions of fertility, as the experience of the least developed countries as a group exemplifies, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1077 Tc 0.2952 Tw (despite the notab) Tj 75 0 TD -0.1748 Tc 0.3623 Tw (le exceptions that have occurred among them.) Tj 201.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -276.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.1617 Tc 3.5223 Tw (The question posed today involves similar challenges. Even if it is established with some) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1028 Tc 2.4465 Tw (certainty that most countries whose fertility is still well above replacement level are very likely to ) Tj ET endstream endobj 26 0 obj 8839 endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 25 0 R >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Length 29 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (48) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.0433 Tc 2.3942 Tw (experience long p) Tj 82.5 0 TD -0.1624 Tc 2.5999 Tw (eriods of below) Tj 73.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.136 Tc 2.6672 Tw (replacement fertility in the future, the level of below) Tj 250.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.1261 Tc 0.3511 Tw (fertility that each one of them would attain, the period when that level would be reached and the length of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1519 Tc 0.5894 Tw (time over which below) Tj 102.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0325 Tc 0.22 Tw (replacement fertility would prevail are al) Tj 183 0 TD -0.0666 Tc 0.2541 Tw (l uncertain and difficult to forecast. The ) Tj -289.5 -12.75 TD -0.2031 Tc 1.1406 Tw (experience of the current low) Tj 131.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1301 Tc 1.0676 Tw (fertility countries is varied. In 1995) Tj 159 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1609 Tc 0.9734 Tw (2000, their total fertility levels ranged ) Tj -297.75 -12 TD -0.164 Tc 1.7265 Tw (from 1.12 children per woman to 2.06 children per woman, with a mean of 1.57 children per woman ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.3944 Tc 0 Tw (\(table) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1308 Tc 0.1933 Tw ( 1\). However, for countries where below) Tj 179.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1344 Tc 0.2385 Tw (replacement fertility has persisted for more than five years, ) Tj -207.75 -12.75 TD -0.2496 Tc 0.4371 Tw (the 1995) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1324 Tc 0.4699 Tw (2000 value was generally the minimum attained. If the average level of fertility maintained over ) Tj -41.25 -12.75 TD -0.1293 Tc 1.9668 Tw (the period in which each low) Tj 137.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0214 Tc 1.7089 Tw (fertility country e) Tj 80.25 0 TD -0.1232 Tc 1.8108 Tw (xperienced below) Tj 80.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 1.2079 Tw (replacement levels were considered ) Tj -305.25 -12.75 TD -0.1233 Tc 0.3108 Tw (instead, that average ranged from a minimum of 1.38 children per woman to a maximum of 2.08 children ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.111 Tc 1.0016 Tw (per woman, having a mean of 1.76 children per woman. Further examination of the trends experienced ) Tj T* -0.4059 Tc 0 Tw (sinc) Tj 17.25 0 TD -0.259 Tc 0.634 Tw (e 1950 by the low) Tj 79.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0964 Tc 0.2339 Tw (fertility countries indicates that many of them already were in the last stages of the ) Tj -100.5 -12.75 TD -0.121 Tc 0.6085 Tw (transition to low fertility by 1950) Tj 147.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0893 Tc 0.3449 Tw (1955, having reached total fertility levels below 3 children per woman. ) Tj -151.5 -12 TD -0.1494 Tc 1.2744 Tw (Since the majority of intermediate) Tj 154.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2344 Tc (fertilit) Tj 27 0 TD -0.0766 Tc 0.946 Tw (y countries of today still have fertility levels above 3 children ) Tj -185.25 -12.75 TD -0.1967 Tc 2.7592 Tw (per woman and the group of low) Tj 158.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1335 Tc 2.696 Tw (fertility countries whose total fertility in 1950) Tj 215.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0949 Tc 1.7824 Tw (1955 was above 3 ) Tj -381 -12.75 TD -0.1335 Tc 0.321 Tw (children per woman includes most of the developing countries that have already seen their fe) Tj 410.25 0 TD -0.2025 Tc 0.39 Tw (rtility drop to ) Tj -410.25 -12.75 TD -0.399 Tc 0 Tw (below) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.139 Tc 0.445 Tw (replacement levels, it is useful to compare the recent levels of fertility of the latter with those of all ) Tj -30 -12.75 TD -0.625 Tc 0 Tw (low) Tj 15.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1583 Tc 1.2624 Tw (fertility countries. In terms of total fertility levels in 1995) Tj 259.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.2529 Tc 1.3779 Tw (2000, the group of low) Tj 103.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 0.6454 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -390.75 -12.75 TD -0.0804 Tc 1.7679 Tw (with high fertil) Tj 69.75 0 TD -0.2925 Tc 2.355 Tw (ity in 1950) Tj 50.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1359 Tc 2.0109 Tw (1955 had a slightly higher mean total fertility than that of all low) Tj 307.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.1261 Tc 0.4386 Tw (countries \(1.71 children per woman vs. 1.57 children per woman\). In addition, in terms of average levels ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1545 Tc 1.842 Tw (of total fertility experienced while below) Tj 187.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1647 Tc 1.8523 Tw (replacement leve) Tj 76.5 0 TD -0.195 Tc 1.8825 Tw (ls have prevailed, the low) Tj 118.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 1.0204 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -390 -12.75 TD -0.196 Tc 0.7585 Tw (with high fertility in 1950) Tj 114 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1506 Tc 0.4318 Tw (1955 have a higher mean than that all low) Tj 186.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0782 Tc 0.2657 Tw (fertility countries \(1.81 children per ) Tj -309 -12.75 TD -0.1548 Tc 3.2887 Tw (woman instead of 1.76 children per woman\). From these comparisons and assuming that the past) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.337 Tc 0 Tw (experie) Tj 32.25 0 TD -0.2639 Tc 0.4514 Tw (nce of low) Tj 46.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1086 Tc 0.2961 Tw (fertility countries can provide some guidance about the future average levels of below) Tj 381.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1212 Tc 0.4962 Tw (replacement fertility that today\222s intermediate) Tj 203.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.099 Tc 0.3615 Tw (fertility countries might reach and maintain in the future, a ) Tj -207 -12.75 TD -0.1347 Tc 0.3222 Tw (rounded value of about 1.8 children per women se) Tj 221.25 0 TD -0.1387 Tc 0.2325 Tw (ems to be a realistic starting point. ) Tj 156.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -378 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.1152 Tc 2.0754 Tw (Turning now to the two other issues of concern in projecting below) Tj 318.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0585 Tc 1.496 Tw (replacement fertility for ) Tj -358.5 -12.75 TD -0.1866 Tc 0 Tw (intermediate) Tj 54.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 0.3543 Tw (fertility countries, namely the timing of the transition to below) Tj 279.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0662 Tc 0.2537 Tw (replacement fertility and the ) Tj -342 -12.75 TD -0.2267 Tc 0.4142 Tw (length of the) Tj 55.5 0 TD -0.1161 Tc 0.4036 Tw ( period over which it should prevail, past experience provides weak guidance on both points. ) Tj -55.5 -12.75 TD -0.3293 Tc 1.6418 Tw (Among the low) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1279 Tc 1.2018 Tw (fertility countries of today, several experienced a relatively prolonged period of below) Tj 390.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.0832 Tc 1.2082 Tw (replacement fertility earlier in the twentieth century but i) Tj 258 0 TD -0.115 Tc 1.1463 Tw (n most cases fertility rebounded to levels well ) Tj -258 -12.75 TD -0.1529 Tc 0.4404 Tw (above replacement during the 1940s, 1950s and even into the 1960s. In most of the low) Tj 387.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 0.2704 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -391.5 -12.75 TD -0.1355 Tc 2.573 Tw (that experienced very low levels of fertility in the 1920s and 1930s, that early transition to below) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD (r) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1267 Tc 1.1323 Tw (eplacement fertility was not abrupt, but represented rather a continuation of long) Tj 364.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1178 Tc 1.0553 Tw (term declining trends ) Tj -372 -12 TD -0.0764 Tc 2.5715 Tw (\(Teitelbaum and Winter, 1985\). In contrast, for the developing countries that have reached below) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1567 Tc 4.2192 Tw (replacement fertility levels after 1950, the transitio) Tj 245.25 0 TD -0.2653 Tc 4.2028 Tw (n to below) Tj 54 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 4.0614 Tw (replacement fertility has been less) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -303 -12.75 TD -0.0836 Tc 2.6878 Tw (protracted. There is reason to expect, therefore, that if intermediate) Tj 320.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1105 Tc 2.548 Tw (fertility countries reach below) Tj 140.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1311 Tc 2.0329 Tw (replacement fertility, they might do so relatively rapidly, that is, without maintaining low but above) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD 0.2113 Tc (rep) Tj 14.25 0 TD -0.1747 Tc 0.4872 Tw (lacement fertility levels for a long time.) Tj 174 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -152.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1255 Tc 3.0246 Tw (There are examples, however, of developing countries where the transition to low fertility ) Tj -36 -12 TD -0.1289 Tc 2.5664 Tw (occurred fairly early but whose levels of fertility have not fallen as yet even to replacement level. ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1751 Tc 1.1126 Tw (Argentina and Urugu) Tj 94.5 0 TD -0.1099 Tc 1 Tw (ay are cases in point. In both, total fertility was already low by world standards in ) Tj -94.5 -12.75 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (1950) Tj 21 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.151 Tc 2.4947 Tw (1955, at about 3 children per woman, but it has remained consistently above 2.1 children per ) Tj -25.5 -12.75 TD -0.1477 Tc 0.3352 Tw (woman over the next forty) Tj 117 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1113 Tc 0.2988 Tw (five years, being still 2.6 children per women) Tj 200.25 0 TD -0.1794 Tc 0.5812 Tw ( in Argentina and 2.4 in Uruguay ) Tj -321 -12.75 TD -0.3338 Tc 1.2713 Tw (in 1995) Tj 33 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1672 Tc 1.1583 Tw (2000. Neither high inflation, recessions, war, high levels of education, nor relatively high levels ) Tj -37.5 -12.75 TD -0.1387 Tc 0.5405 Tw (of female labour force participation have produced below) Tj 255.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0941 Tc 0.4066 Tw (replacement levels in Argentina. Whether both ) Tj -259.5 -12.75 TD -0.0675 Tc 0.255 Tw (countries wi) Tj 54 0 TD -0.1347 Tc 0.3222 Tw (ll continue to display such exceptional fertility trends in the future and whether they represent ) Tj -54 -12.75 TD -0.1456 Tc 0.289 Tw (patterns that will repeat themselves in other countries, particularly those in South America, is a matter that ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1431 Tc 0.3306 Tw (will not be easily settled given current eviden) Tj 199.5 0 TD 0.2325 Tc 0 Tw (ce.) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -177 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 29 0 obj 11269 endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 28 0 R >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Length 32 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (49) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 108 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1134 Tc 3.3009 Tw (Lastly, with respect to the persistence of below) Tj 230.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0929 Tc 2.9054 Tw (replacement fertility, past evidence is not ) Tj -270 -12.75 TD -0.1477 Tc 3.3352 Tw (conclusive. As already mentioned, the baby) Tj 207 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1999 Tc 3.3874 Tw (boom of 1945) Tj 67.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1895 Tc 3.627 Tw (1960 interrupted the below) Tj 128.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.1261 Tc 1.1386 Tw (period for many developed countries and there is no guarantee t) Tj 289.5 0 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.2953 Tw (hat \223baby) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1509 Tc 0.9384 Tw (boomlets\224 might not occur in ) Tj -336 -12.75 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.3664 Tw (the future in other contexts. In fact, earlier ) Tj 192 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.0421 Tc 0 Tw (Revisions) Tj 43.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1355 Tc 0.4897 Tw ( of the population projections had generally opted to ) Tj -235.5 -12 TD -0.1362 Tc 0.5112 Tw (make the fertility of low) Tj 108.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0806 Tc 0.3931 Tw (fertility countries return to replacement level, at least in the long run. Howeve) Tj 349.5 0 TD -0.2794 Tc -0.2831 Tw (r, ) Tj -462 -12.75 TD -0.15 Tc 0.8375 Tw (starting with the ) Tj 76.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.9787 Tw (1998 Revision) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1715 Tc 1.0555 Tw (, the return to replacement level by 2050 was no longer considered to be ) Tj -141 -12.75 TD -0.1857 Tc 1.3107 Tw (very likely and the total fertility of most low) Tj 202.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0996 Tc 0.9299 Tw (fertility countries was maintained well below replacement ) Tj -206.25 -12.75 TD -0.0895 Tc 1.402 Tw (level until 2045) Tj 71.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0759 Tc 1.2009 Tw (2050. Partly because of th) Tj 120 0 TD -0.0704 Tc 1.1329 Tw (at change in thinking, the issue of whether 2.1 is a realistic ) Tj -195 -12.75 TD -0.1208 Tc 1.0188 Tw (target level for future total fertility in most developing countries has been raised. If it is agreed that the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1598 Tc 2.5973 Tw (target level should be changed to a lower number, if would seem appropriate to mai) Tj 398.25 0 TD -0.1425 Tc 1.83 Tw (ntain that level ) Tj -398.25 -12.75 TD -0.1105 Tc 0.298 Tw (constant until 2045) Tj 84 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1296 Tc 0.3748 Tw (2050 since the evidence available today is unlikely to permit the forecast of long) Tj 356.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0928 Tc -0.4697 Tw (term ) Tj -447.75 -12.75 TD -0.1587 Tc 2.6587 Tw (fluctuations in future total fertility. Furthermore, in contrast with the case of low) Tj 381 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1104 Tc 1.4229 Tw (fertility developed ) Tj -384.75 -12 TD -0.1758 Tc 2.2383 Tw (countries, detailed infor) Tj 108 0 TD -0.1139 Tc 2.0059 Tw (mation on fertility trends does not exist for many of the intermediate) Tj 323.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.1247 Tc 1.8122 Tw (countries. Lack of data, therefore, would preclude the analysis of cohort fertility in relation to period ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1667 Tc 2.6792 Tw (fertility to try and ascertain, for instance, if postponement of birt) Tj 306 0 TD -0.146 Tc 2.2085 Tw (hs might depress period rates only ) Tj -306 -12.75 TD -0.2097 Tc 0.6115 Tw (temporarily and if a recuperation would be likely.) Tj 218.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -182.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1094 Tc 1.1351 Tw (In sum, just as the analysts in charge of producing the population projections of the 1960s and ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0961 Tc 1.7836 Tw (early 1970s, those of today are faced with the task of considering whethe) Tj 343.5 0 TD -0.1116 Tc 1.4991 Tw (r a second momentous and ) Tj -343.5 -12 TD -0.176 Tc 1.1135 Tw (largely unprecedented change in population dynamics will occur within the next fifty years. Will below) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.0828 Tc 0.4467 Tw (replacement fertility become the norm for the large majority of countries in the world before 2050? Will ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1786 Tc 1.3661 Tw (the period of below) Tj 89.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.2113 Tc (rep) Tj 14.25 0 TD -0.0889 Tc 1.1514 Tw (lacement fertility be prolonged in most countries? Just as our predecessors, the ) Tj -107.25 -12.75 TD -0.0673 Tc 0.3485 Tw (main evidence guiding our decisions today is that provided by the experience of the developed countries ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1154 Tc 1.0529 Tw (and the few developing countries that have already blazed the trail tow) Tj 322.5 0 TD -0.1085 Tc 1.046 Tw (ard very low fertility. Given the ) Tj -322.5 -12.75 TD -0.0892 Tc 4.2767 Tw (rapid fertility reductions already experienced by the majority of developing countries, it seems) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1415 Tc 1.079 Tw (increasingly untenable that their fertility may eventually stabilize at a level considerably higher than the ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.014 Tc 0.2015 Tw (average experien) Tj 75.75 0 TD -0.071 Tc 0.9403 Tw (ced by developed countries. Despite the theoretical attractiveness of replacement level ) Tj -75.75 -12.75 TD -0.1089 Tc 1.1297 Tw (fertility, actual populations do not have replacement as an in) Tj 276 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1509 Tc 1.5884 Tw (built goal, and long) Tj 89.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0967 Tc 1.0342 Tw (term deviations from ) Tj -372.75 -12.75 TD -0.0576 Tc 0.2451 Tw (replacement level may turn out to be more the rule than the exc) Tj 285 0 TD -0.0809 Tc 0.3756 Tw (eption, especially if they remain within a ) Tj -285 -12.75 TD -0.1734 Tc 0.3609 Tw (narrow range of actual replacement level.) Tj 182.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -146.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 133.5 -12.75 TD 0.1037 Tc 0.0838 Tw (B. G) Tj 21 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.1034 Tc -0.4784 Tw (UIDANCE FROM THEORY) Tj 107.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -297.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1533 Tc 1.0908 Tw (Recognizing the crucial importance and unprecedented nature of sustained reductions of fertility ) Tj -36 -12 TD -0.0757 Tc 0.3703 Tw (occurring in the absence of crisis, population ) Tj 204 0 TD -0.0463 Tc 0.3088 Tw (specialists have been studying their causes for at least fifty ) Tj -204 -12.75 TD -0.0843 Tc 1.0218 Tw (years. The literature on the subject is rich and varied. However, assessments of the state of knowledge ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1337 Tc 0.9105 Tw (published recently conclude that we are still far from knowing exactly what factors were ) Tj 402.75 0 TD -0.2044 Tc 0.7669 Tw (responsible for ) Tj -402.75 -12.75 TD -0.0603 Tc 0.9978 Tw (triggering and sustaining the marked fertility reductions that have taken place \(Bulatao and Casterline, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1502 Tc 4.0877 Tw (2001; Casterline, 2001a\). Cleland \(2001a\), for instance, qualifies as \223bewildering\224 the variety of) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0888 Tc 0.6513 Tw (circumstances under which fertility ) Tj 162.75 0 TD -0.0769 Tc 1.0894 Tw (decline has occurred: it has taken place when economic conditions ) Tj -162.75 -12.75 TD -0.117 Tc 0.3983 Tw (have been improving and when they have deteriorated; it has occurred in populations with high standards ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1173 Tc 0.3986 Tw (of living and in those where standards of living are low; it has taken hold in countri) Tj 369.75 0 TD -0.1386 Tc 0.4761 Tw (es with strong links to ) Tj -369.75 -12.75 TD -0.1434 Tc 1.0414 Tw (the global consumer culture and in those where those links are weak; and it has happened under a wide ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1363 Tc 1.6631 Tw (array of political regimes and policy settings. Although one combination of factors and circumstances ) Tj T* -0.141 Tc 1.0785 Tw (may be able to explain the f) Tj 126.75 0 TD -0.1578 Tc 1.0418 Tw (ertility reductions that have occurred in some cases, it cannot do so in other ) Tj -126.75 -12.75 TD 0.075 Tc 0 Tw (cases.) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -27 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1371 Tc 0.3246 Tw (Casterline \(2001b\) notes that the earliest efforts to explain the decline in fertility linked it with the ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1448 Tc 1.0823 Tw (other major social and economic transformations that had occur) Tj 287.25 0 TD -0.174 Tc 0.8972 Tw (red in the nineteenth and early twentieth ) Tj -287.25 -12 TD -0.1179 Tc 1.1179 Tw (century in the developed world, namely, industrialization and urbanization. These transformations were ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1193 Tc 1.6193 Tw (seen as increasing the costs of rearing children and decreasing the benefits that children conferred on ) Tj ET endstream endobj 32 0 obj 9364 endobj 30 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 31 0 R >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Length 35 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (50) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0406 Tc 0.2281 Tw (older g) Tj 30.75 0 TD -0.1268 Tc 0.372 Tw (enerations \(Thompson, 1929; Davis, 1945; Notestein 1945 and 1953\). The importance of mortality ) Tj -30.75 -12.75 TD -0.1067 Tc 0.3383 Tw (decline as a precondition for fertility reductions was also recognized \(Davis, 1963\) and it was argued that ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1002 Tc 2.5377 Tw (changing notions about the family \(Aries, 1962, 1980;) Tj 257.25 0 TD -0.1189 Tc 2.8064 Tw ( Caldwell, 1982\) and declining adherence to) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -257.25 -12.75 TD -0.0946 Tc 2.4249 Tw (religious and ethical systems \(i.e. the increasing \223secularization\224 of populations\) also played a part ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1167 Tc 0.3042 Tw (\(Lesthaeghe, 1983\).) Tj 87.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -87.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -3 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0945 Tc 0.3758 Tw (However, when these ideas were put to the test, they did not prove conclusive. In the ) Tj 383.25 0 TD -0.0904 Tc 0.2779 Tw (1970s, two ) Tj -419.25 -12.75 TD -0.0771 Tc 2.5682 Tw (large projects to analyse the factors leading to fertility decline were started, namely, the Princeton) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1349 Tc 0.2342 Tw (European Project and the analysis of the World Fertility Survey \(WFS\) data. Both of them reached similar ) Tj T* -0.1486 Tc 0.3361 Tw (conclusions \(Casterline, 2001b; Clela) Tj 165.75 0 TD -0.0934 Tc 0.2809 Tw (nd, 2001b\). The Princeton European Project focused on the analysis ) Tj -165.75 -12.75 TD -0.0672 Tc 1.0047 Tw (of aggregate demographic data for the provinces of Europe during the period of their transition to low ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1091 Tc 0.2966 Tw (fertility, namely 1880) Tj 96 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0536 Tc 0.3161 Tw (1930 \(Coale and Watkins, 1986\). The study concluded that the ti) Tj 289.5 0 TD -0.0712 Tc 0.4462 Tw (ming of the onset ) Tj -389.25 -12 TD -0.1437 Tc 1.2175 Tw (of fertility reductions was only weakly linked to provincial levels of socio) Tj 336 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0983 Tc 1.0358 Tw (economic modernization but ) Tj -339.75 -12.75 TD -0.1464 Tc 1.0839 Tw (unmistakably linked to language, ethnic or religious cleavages. Moreover, the decline of marital fertility ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1545 Tc 0.342 Tw (in Europe did not seem to b) Tj 121.5 0 TD -0.1732 Tc 0.3607 Tw (e fueled by changes in the value of children \(Knodel and van de Walle, 1986\).) Tj 343.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -465 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.1203 Tc 0.4078 Tw (Focusing on developing countries, many of which were just starting the transition to low fertility, ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1059 Tc 0.2309 Tw (the analysis of WFS data reached similar conclusions. As in the European proj) Tj 346.5 0 TD -0.0754 Tc 0.2629 Tw (ect, socio) Tj 42 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1067 Tc -0.0808 Tw (economic factors ) Tj -392.25 -12.75 TD -0.1337 Tc 1.1212 Tw (were only weakly linked to the reductions of fertility observed. Women\222s labour force participation, for ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1616 Tc 1.8491 Tw (instance, was not a predictor of fertility levels in most countries \(51勛圖, 1985\), and the shift ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1337 Tc 1.5712 Tw (from familial to ) Tj 79.5 0 TD -0.125 Tc 0 Tw (non) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1084 Tc 2.5459 Tw (familial modes of production did not have the expected effect on family size ) Tj -99.75 -12.75 TD -0.1271 Tc 1.7646 Tw (\(Rodriguez and Cleland, 1981\). The availability of more data and the expanding number of countries ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0632 Tc 1.084 Tw (experiencing fertility reductions have not changed these conclusions. A rece) Tj 348 0 TD -0.0593 Tc 0.6968 Tw (nt study by Bongaarts and ) Tj -348 -12.75 TD -0.2138 Tc 0.4012 Tw (Watkins ) Tj 39.75 0 TD -0.2487 Tc 0 Tw (\(1996\)) Tj 29.25 0 TD -0.1124 Tc 0.9346 Tw ( examined the relationships between the Human Development Index \(HDI\), the onset of ) Tj -69 -12.75 TD -0.0899 Tc 1.6167 Tw (fertility decline, and the subsequent pace of that decline in contemporary developing countries. Once ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1872 Tc 0.3747 Tw (more, the lin) Tj 55.5 0 TD -0.1311 Tc 0.2744 Tw (k between the HDI and the onset of fertility decline proved to be weak, since countries began ) Tj -55.5 -12 TD -0.1587 Tc 2.4555 Tw (the fertility transition at very varied levels of HDI. However, those that began the transition having ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1569 Tc 3.4944 Tw (reached relatively high levels of socio) Tj 182.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.11 Tc 3.2975 Tw (economic developmen) Tj 102 0 TD -0.1219 Tc 3.4594 Tw (t, generally maintained faster rates of) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -288 -12.75 TD -0.0913 Tc 0.2788 Tw (fertility decline.) Tj 70.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -70.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1558 Tc 2.2433 Tw ( According to Casterline \(2001b, p. 2\), \223confronted by the findings of the Princeton project, ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.14 Tc 0.3275 Tw (scholars turned to other explanations to augment, or even to supplant, the dominant theoretical frame) Tj 445.5 0 TD -0.1547 Tc -0.4078 Tw (work ) Tj -445.5 -12.75 TD -0.1394 Tc 4.8269 Tw (in which the primary causal forces underlying fertility decline were mortality decline and the) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1494 Tc 0.9869 Tw (paradigmatic economic and social changes that occurred in Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.101 Tc 0.5385 Tw (centuries\224. The alternatives proposed have been loose) Tj 240.75 0 TD -0.0764 Tc 0.2639 Tw (ly collected under the label of \223diffusion theories\224. ) Tj -240.75 -12.75 TD -0.086 Tc 6.2735 Tw (The Princeton European Project proved that the explanatory power of variables measuring) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1081 Tc 0.3789 Tw (industrialization, urbanization, state centralization, bureaucratization and other aspects of socio) Tj 421.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1237 Tc 0.3112 Tw (economic ) Tj -425.25 -12.75 TD -0.0503 Tc 0 Tw (statu) Tj 21 0 TD -0.0678 Tc 1.8387 Tw (s at the province level had at best modest effects in predicting the onset of fertility declines in ) Tj -21 -12.75 TD -0.1174 Tc 1.0049 Tw (conventional regression analysis. As a result, better models of how diffusion and resistance to diffusion ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1123 Tc 1.1436 Tw (may work in societies that are sharply divided alo) Tj 227.25 0 TD -0.0989 Tc 0.8489 Tw (ng linguistic, ethnic or religious cleavages have been ) Tj -227.25 -12.75 TD -0.1475 Tc 1.085 Tw (developed. In a sweeping review of the evidence, Cleland and Wilson \(1987\) suggest that no version of ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1361 Tc 0.5379 Tw (demand theory, that is, economic formulations invoking the need for structural changes in the posit) Tj 441.75 0 TD -0.0997 Tc 0.6623 Tw (ion of ) Tj -441.75 -12.75 TD -0.1199 Tc 2.611 Tw (individuals as a precondition for fertility reductions, can ultimately account for the onset, pace and) Tj 0 Tc -1.3125 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0851 Tc 0.3726 Tw (geographic location of fertility reductions in the developing world. Instead, these reductions appear to be ) Tj T* -0.1812 Tc 0.3687 Tw (driven by ideational changes stemming ) Tj 174.75 0 TD -0.1272 Tc 0.1481 Tw (from processes of diffusion. Similar conclusions had been reached ) Tj -174.75 -12.75 TD -0.1395 Tc 0.9699 Tw (earlier by Caldwell \(1982\), who suggested that ideational change \(i.e. \223Westernization\224\) precedes and is ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1467 Tc 0.5842 Tw (partially independent of changes in the forms of production and of population distrib) Tj 375.75 0 TD -0.0865 Tc 0.024 Tw (ution. Bongaarts and ) Tj -375.75 -12.75 TD -0.145 Tc 1.8325 Tw (Watkins \(1996\), after reviewing aggregate empirical evidence on the relation between socio) Tj 421.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1237 Tc 0.3112 Tw (economic ) Tj -425.25 -12.75 TD -0.0828 Tc 0.9787 Tw (factors and the onset and pace of fertility decline, also conclude that much of the decline observed has ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1194 Tc 4.8069 Tw (been propelled by the transmis) Tj 154.5 0 TD -0.0808 Tc 4.9558 Tw (sion of information and ideas regarding fertility control. Their) Tj 0 Tc 0.9375 Tw ( ) Tj -154.5 -12.75 TD -0.1489 Tc 0.39 Tw (conceptualization of what is being transmitted includes both processes of diffusion among individuals and ) Tj ET endstream endobj 35 0 obj 8936 endobj 33 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 34 0 R >> endobj 38 0 obj << /Length 39 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (51) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1401 Tc 0.3776 Tw (families \(at the level of local networks and peers\) and at the level of communities o) Tj 368.25 0 TD -0.1177 Tc 0.3052 Tw (r countries \(global and ) Tj -368.25 -12.75 TD -0.1277 Tc 0.3152 Tw (national networks\).) Tj 84.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -84.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0847 Tc 0.3258 Tw (In their reviews of diffusion processes and the fertility transition, Casterline \(2001b\) and Cleland ) Tj -36 -12 TD -0.1628 Tc 2.3659 Tw (\(2001b\) suggest that an overarching explanation for that transition probably needs to make use of a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.2016 Tc -0.3609 Tw (\223blended ) Tj 42.75 0 TD -0.1618 Tc 1.0993 Tw (theory\224 in which, as Cleland \(2001b, p. 45\) puts it: \223\222the engine of demographic change is the ) Tj -42.75 -12.75 TD -0.1093 Tc 1.2611 Tw (structural transformation of societies, and diffusion is the lubricant\224. One possible blended approach is ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1341 Tc 0.3216 Tw (that suggested by Lesthaegue and Vanderhoeft \(2001\) bas) Tj 255.75 0 TD -0.171 Tc 0.3585 Tw (ed on the three preconditions proposed by Coale ) Tj -255.75 -12.75 TD -0.1369 Tc 1.0276 Tw (\(1973\) for adaptation to a new mode of behaviour. According to Coale, fertility reductions would occur ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1266 Tc 0.9141 Tw (when couples were ready, willing and able to control family size. Lesthaegue and Vanderhoeft interpret ) Tj T* 0.1294 Tc 0 Tw (re) Tj 9 0 TD -0.1273 Tc 1.1064 Tw (adiness to mean that the new forms of behaviour must be advantageous to the actor involved, that is, ) Tj -9 -12.75 TD -0.085 Tc 1.8662 Tw (their utility must be evident and outweigh their disutility. In this sense, readiness encompasses or is ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.093 Tc 0.468 Tw (equivalent to the microeconomic cost) Tj 167.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0274 Tc 0.2149 Tw (benefit calcul) Tj 60 0 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.3897 Tw (us that actors use in making decisions. The notion of ) Tj -231 -12.75 TD -0.1496 Tc 1.7217 Tw (willingness refers to considerations of legitimacy and normative acceptability \(that is, conformity with ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1703 Tc 3.3578 Tw (ethical, religious or other societal norms\) of the new pattern of behaviour. To assess the level) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 459 0 TD -0.1856 Tc 0.3731 Tw (of ) Tj -459 -12.75 TD -0.1004 Tc 0.4129 Tw (willingness it is crucial to understand to what extent a new form of behaviour runs counter to established ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0705 Tc 0.258 Tw (traditional beliefs or codes of conduct and whether the actor can overcome existing moral objections and ) Tj T* -0.1104 Tc 0.4479 Tw (fears. Lastly, ability involves access to) Tj 171.75 0 TD -0.1298 Tc 0.2548 Tw ( new techniques that make the new forms of behaviour possible. In ) Tj -171.75 -12.75 TD -0.0801 Tc 1.0176 Tw (the case of fertility control, the notion of ability depends on the accessibility to adequate contraceptive ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1616 Tc 0.4173 Tw (methods mediated by the costs involved both in concrete and psychological terms.) Tj 362.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -362.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.0761 Tc 0.3708 Tw (Clearly, this formulation of Coale\222s proposal merges the concerns of the economic and diffusion ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1202 Tc 1.1577 Tw (approaches. With respect to fertility reductions, diffusion can play a part in both increasing willingness ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.134 Tc 0.3215 Tw (and ability. Willingness is affected by the diffusion) Tj 225 0 TD -0.1432 Tc 0.2473 Tw ( of ideas that transform the normative environment and ) Tj -225 -12.75 TD -0.1398 Tc 4.0773 Tw (legitimize the control of fertility. Such diffusion may be officially promoted through established) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1381 Tc 0.9685 Tw (programmes and focused interventions. Ability can also be enhanced by programmes that make modern ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1556 Tc 0 Tw (cont) Tj 18.75 0 TD -0.0452 Tc 0.8827 Tw (raceptive methods widely available and take steps to reduce not only the material costs associated ) Tj -18.75 -12.75 TD -0.1376 Tc 3.1251 Tw (with their use but also the psychological costs involved. Application of the models developed by ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0812 Tc 0.2687 Tw (Lesthaegue and Vanderhoeft clearly show how fertility reduct) Tj 276 0 TD -0.0722 Tc 0.2597 Tw (ions can be delayed or slowed if any of the ) Tj -276 -12.75 TD -0.1485 Tc 0.336 Tw (three necessary conditions poses a barrier to the adoption of behaviours to limit family size.) Tj 403.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -403.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1266 Tc 0.3558 Tw (In comparison to the state of theory regarding the transition from high to low fertility, the state of ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0668 Tc 4.0043 Tw (that regardi) Tj 54 0 TD -0.1371 Tc 4.0746 Tw (ng the achievement and maintenance of below) Tj 228 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1329 Tc 4.4454 Tw (replacement fertility is less advanced.) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -285.75 -12.75 TD -0.0796 Tc 1.0546 Tw (However, it is useful to review the history and state of the former because the latter is probably at the ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0857 Tc 0.3414 Tw (stage the theory of the fertility transition was in the early 1970) Tj 279 0 TD -0.068 Tc 0.1484 Tw (s. The literature addressing the causes and ) Tj -279 -12.75 TD -0.1583 Tc 0.3458 Tw (persistence of below) Tj 90.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1355 Tc 0.323 Tw (replacement fertility has largely focused so far on the importance of socio) Tj 326.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.03 Tc 0.2175 Tw (economic ) Tj -424.5 -12.75 TD -0.1226 Tc 0.4039 Tw (factors acting at the level of communities or countries. As Lesthaegue and Willems \(1999\) indicate, there ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1135 Tc 3.301 Tw (are two dominant theoretical approaches cited to understand the persistence of below) Tj 410.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.1248 Tc 0.974 Tw (fertility. The first relies on economic theory and has two dominant versions: \(a\) the theory of increased ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0752 Tc 0.9189 Tw (female autonomy, proposed by Becker \(1981\) and other ) Tj 258.75 0 TD -0.0647 Tc 1.0022 Tw (neoclassical economists; and \(b\) the theory of ) Tj -258.75 -12.75 TD -0.1162 Tc 2.3806 Tw (relative economic deprivation, advanced by Easterlin \(1976\) and colleagues. In both theories, rising ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1143 Tc 1.0518 Tw (female schooling and employment are crucial determinants of low fertility. According to Becker, rising ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (educa) Tj 26.25 0 TD -0.1568 Tc 1.8979 Tw (tion of women increases the opportunity costs of childbearing for women and therefore leads to) Tj 0 Tc -1.3125 Tw ( ) Tj -26.25 -12.75 TD -0.1052 Tc 1.1004 Tw (postponement of marriage, motherhood and lower fertility. According to Easterlin and colleagues, high ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0803 Tc 0.174 Tw (and rising consumption aspirations can be better satisfied ) Tj 258.75 0 TD 0.0625 Tc 0.875 Tw (in dual) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0808 Tc 0.2683 Tw (earner families, a situation that leads to ) Tj -292.5 -12.75 TD -0.1601 Tc 4.9158 Tw (increased labour force participation of women, postponement of parenthood and lower fertility.) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0842 Tc 2.4063 Tw (Oppenheimer \(1988\) has further suggested that the increasing education of women raises women\222s ) Tj T* -0.0616 Tc 2.4991 Tw (aspirations reg) Tj 66.75 0 TD -0.0631 Tc 2.3934 Tw (arding the qualifications of a future spouse and therefore prolongs the search in the ) Tj -66.75 -12.75 TD -0.1362 Tc 0.3237 Tw (marriage market thus postponing marriage or even precluding it altogether if the appropriate partner is not ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.3431 Tc 0 Tw (found.) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -27.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 39 0 obj 8422 endobj 36 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 38 0 R >> endobj 41 0 obj << /Length 42 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (52) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.0718 Tc 1.1165 Tw (The second approach relates changes in value orientat) Tj 246 0 TD -0.0776 Tc 1.1089 Tw (ions to family building. For a number of ) Tj -282 -12.75 TD -0.101 Tc 0.2885 Tw (European countries, Lesthaegue and Willems \(1999, p. 224\) report that \223consistent statistical associations ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.103 Tc 0.4512 Tw (have been found between such value dimensions as secularization, weaker civil morality, accentuation of ) Tj T* 0.1237 Tc 0 Tw (indi) Tj 16.5 0 TD -0.1183 Tc 0.9195 Tw (vidual autonomy, \223postmaterialism\224, symmetric gender roles, female emancipation, and tolerance of ) Tj -16.5 -12 TD -0.1099 Tc 0.2974 Tw (new sexual groups on the one hand, and a preference for cohabitation over marriage, delayed parenthood, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0836 Tc 0.2711 Tw (and lower overall fertility on the other hand\224. These ) Tj 234.75 0 TD -0.1816 Tc 0.5191 Tw (associations persist even when other socio) Tj 186 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.03 Tc 0.2175 Tw (economic ) Tj -424.5 -12.75 TD -0.1261 Tc 3.5011 Tw (variables are controlled for, including female labour force participation, type of employment, and) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.2302 Tc 0 Tw (education.) Tj 45 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -45 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1629 Tc 0.4004 Tw (Other authors who have tried to address the causes of prolonged periods of very low fertilit) Tj 402.75 0 TD -0.123 Tc 0.3105 Tw (y have ) Tj -438.75 -12.75 TD -0.0862 Tc 1.1308 Tw (proposed arguments of a similar nature. Chesnais \(2000\) in identifying recent changes leading to post) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1901 Tc 1.1276 Tw (modernity and the baby) Tj 105.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.144 Tc 1.0133 Tw (bust, talks about \223social atomization and related feminism\224, indicating that high ) Tj -109.5 -12 TD -0.1628 Tc 1.2253 Tw (levels of education and the possibility of) Tj 183.75 0 TD -0.1562 Tc 1.2437 Tw ( having their own independent identity allow women to forego ) Tj -183.75 -12.75 TD -0.171 Tc 1.7178 Tw (marriage and focus on their personal achievement rather than on reproductive goals. He notes that the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1329 Tc 1.3704 Tw (proportion of single women aged 25) Tj 165.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0959 Tc 1.1272 Tw (29 in many European countries has reached unprecedented le) Tj 280.5 0 TD -0.0309 Tc 0.2184 Tw (vels ) Tj -450 -12.75 TD -0.1792 Tc 1.2667 Tw (and that the proportion of one) Tj 135.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1218 Tc 0.9912 Tw (person households, where women predominate, has also been rising as a ) Tj -139.5 -12.75 TD -0.0876 Tc 2.3751 Tw (result of both celibacy and divorce. Chesnais also argues that the availability of collective pension ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.075 Tc 1.7625 Tw (benefits has put a downward pressure in childbea) Tj 230.25 0 TD -0.1297 Tc 1.8172 Tw (ring since it is no longer necessary to have several ) Tj -230.25 -12.75 TD -0.1636 Tc 1.1011 Tw (children to ensure old) Tj 97.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1482 Tc 0.9607 Tw (age economic viability. In fact, the individual\222s economic interest is better served ) Tj -101.25 -12 TD -0.1288 Tc 0.3632 Tw (by maximizing his or her career prospects since the number of children raised is not taken into) Tj 418.5 0 TD -0.11 Tc 0.5475 Tw ( account in ) Tj -418.5 -12.75 TD -0.0877 Tc 2.5252 Tw (computing pensions. Dorbritz and Hohn \(2000\) add that changes in the basic social institutions of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.4719 Tw (marriage and the family have a major influence in reducing childbearing. In developed countries, people ) Tj T* -0.1311 Tc 1.2829 Tw (no longer marry and remain married until d) Tj 197.25 0 TD -0.0599 Tc 0.7162 Tw (eath. High divorce rates are common. Furthermore, married ) Tj -197.25 -12.75 TD -0.1428 Tc 0.4241 Tw (people often live apart for prolonged periods, in pursuing individual careers or other interests. Rising ages ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1022 Tc 1.732 Tw (at marriage, increasing childlessness and celibacy, and high divorce rates seem to be th) Tj 405 0 TD -0.0928 Tc 1.4053 Tw (e traits of the ) Tj -405 -12.75 TD -0.0997 Tc 0 Tw (\223post) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1865 Tc 0.374 Tw (modern\224 society.) Tj 75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -102 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1909 Tc 0.8284 Tw (However, analysis of trends in low) Tj 155.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0859 Tc 0.3671 Tw (fertility countries reveals more variability that this discussion ) Tj -195 -12.75 TD -0.1377 Tc 0.1928 Tw (would lead one to expect \(51勛圖, 2000a; Lesthaegue and Willems, 1999\). Age at marriage or age ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.0279 Tc 0.1596 Tw (at first bi) Tj 39.75 0 TD -0.0744 Tc 0.4762 Tw (rth has increased dramatically in some countries but not in others; cohabitation before marriage ) Tj -39.75 -12.75 TD -0.1262 Tc 1.9543 Tw (is common in some countries and not in others; high levels of illegitimacy \(births conceived outside ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1527 Tc 1.0902 Tw (marriage\) are common in some countries and not in others; ) Tj 271.5 0 TD -0.1071 Tc 0.7946 Tw (policy stances vary considerably among the ) Tj -271.5 -12.75 TD -0.625 Tc 0 Tw (low) Tj 15.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1213 Tc 0.2647 Tw (fertility countries; in some countries there is clear evidence that the current very low levels of fertility ) Tj -19.5 -12.75 TD -0.1527 Tc 1.3246 Tw (are the result of postponement but in others the normal indicators of postponement play a small part) Tj 455.25 0 TD -0.2513 Tc 1.1888 Tw ( in ) Tj -455.25 -12 TD -0.1995 Tc 1.137 Tw (explaining below) Tj 76.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.142 Tc 0.9431 Tw (replacement levels. This \223bewildering\224 situation, to borrow Cleland\222s adjective for the ) Tj -80.25 -12.75 TD -0.1638 Tc 1.7513 Tw (host of circumstances in which fertility declines have occurred, provides a weak basis for ascertaining ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.106 Tc 0.8293 Tw (which factors can indicate today whether a ) Tj 196.5 0 TD -0.1561 Tc 1.0936 Tw (country whose current fertility has still an intermediate level ) Tj -196.5 -12.75 TD -0.1862 Tc 0.3737 Tw (will reach below) Tj 73.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1452 Tc 0.3327 Tw (replacement levels twenty or thirty years from now.) Tj 228 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -305.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.1136 Tc 4.8011 Tw (That populations with quite different levels of socio) Tj 261.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1059 Tc 5.0434 Tw (economic development and varied) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -301.5 -12.75 TD -0.1552 Tc 0.1552 Tw (demographic trends regarding family ) Tj 165.75 0 TD -0.1598 Tc 0.3473 Tw (formation have reached and maintained below) Tj 204 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1103 Tc 0.2978 Tw (replacement levels of ) Tj -373.5 -12 TD -0.1606 Tc 1.7074 Tw (fertility for relatively prolonged periods suggests that some kind of diffusion process may be at work. ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1414 Tc 0.4653 Tw (What is diffused is not yet clear: values, attitudes, individualism, feminism, consume) Tj 376.5 0 TD -0.0896 Tc 0.2771 Tw (rism, secularization? ) Tj -376.5 -12.75 TD -0.1932 Tc 1.0625 Tw (But whatever it turns out to be, it may be as potent as the diffusion of ideas that has already taken place ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1751 Tc 2.4697 Tw (and that seems to be at the root of many of the transitions from high to low fertility that we have ) Tj T* -0.1161 Tc 1.8036 Tw (witnessed so far. This lin) Tj 117 0 TD -0.1005 Tc 1.688 Tw (e of argument, which posits that the diffusion of ideas and values can be a ) Tj -117 -12.75 TD -0.1458 Tc 1.1302 Tw (powerful force leading to very small family sizes, would justify the revision of the guidelines regarding ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.142 Tc 0.3295 Tw (the projected fertility of intermediate) Tj 162.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1082 Tc 0.2957 Tw (fertility countries.) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -245.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.136 Tc 1.0735 Tw (Another impo) Tj 61.5 0 TD -0.0791 Tc 0.4273 Tw (rtant conclusion drawn from this discussion is that the search for lead indicators of ) Tj -97.5 -12.75 TD -0.1498 Tc 1.4623 Tw (fertility reductions likely to result in below) Tj 195.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0798 Tc 1.1006 Tw (replacement levels as a precondition for the formulation of ) Tj ET endstream endobj 42 0 obj 9084 endobj 40 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 41 0 R >> endobj 44 0 obj << /Length 45 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (53) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1537 Tc 1.0912 Tw (revised projection guidelines would not be a fruitful endeavour) Tj 283.5 0 TD -0.1781 Tc 1.1906 Tw (. Not only is it unlikely that a few easily ) Tj -283.5 -12.75 TD -0.1635 Tc 0.4343 Tw (measurable factors would act as lead indicators but, in addition, it may be necessary to project their values ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0497 Tc 0.2372 Tw (in the future to try to ascertain if they warrant a future reduction of fertility to below) Tj 378.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc (replacement) Tj 54 0 TD -0.0798 Tc 0.2673 Tw ( levels. ) Tj -436.5 -12.75 TD -0.1417 Tc 1.0323 Tw (Such exercise will probably result in less reliable projections of fertility than those derived from current ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1434 Tc 1.1747 Tw (methods mainly because most economic, social or diffusion indicators are likely to be far more volatile ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0837 Tc 1.0212 Tw (than population trends. In this re) Tj 148.5 0 TD -0.1149 Tc 1.193 Tw (gard, it is of interest to recall the results of the report by the Panel on ) Tj -148.5 -12.75 TD -0.0991 Tc 0.3937 Tw (Population Projections of the National Research Council ) Tj 255 0 TD -0.1122 Tc 0.2997 Tw (\(Bongaarts and Bulatao, 2000\)) Tj 136.5 0 TD -0.0202 Tc 0.2077 Tw (. In assessing the ) Tj -391.5 -12.75 TD -0.1094 Tc 0.2969 Tw (adequacy of lead indicators to project total fertility from) Tj 249 0 TD -0.2127 Tc 0.7752 Tw ( one five) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1449 Tc 0.5199 Tw (year period to the next, the Panel found ) Tj -292.5 -12.75 TD -0.1688 Tc 1.0688 Tw (that, for countries in the middle of the transition to low fertility, the rate of fertility change in the period ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1046 Tc 1.0998 Tw (immediately preceding the reference period had the strongest predictive power for the rate o) Tj 417.75 0 TD -0.1787 Tc 0.6162 Tw (f change in ) Tj -417.75 -12.75 TD -0.1063 Tc 1.9009 Tw (the reference period when compared with other socio) Tj 248.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 1.7708 Tw (economic factors \(i.e., infant mortality, female ) Tj -252 -12.75 TD -0.1188 Tc 0.2563 Tw (secondary school enrollment, and percentage urban\). However, the predictive power of the rate of fertility ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1153 Tc 0.9028 Tw (change declined for periods further ) Tj 162 0 TD -0.1242 Tc 1.0081 Tw (apart and it was virtually nil for trends more than ten years into the ) Tj -162 -12.75 TD -0.1639 Tc 1.0181 Tw (future. For countries very far advanced in the transition, the analysis did not find any useful predictor of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1541 Tc 0.3416 Tw (future fertility trends, even over a five) Tj 168 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2744 Tc 0.4619 Tw (year horizon.) Tj 57 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -192.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.262 Tc 1.6995 Tw (Lastly, it is worth) Tj 79.5 0 TD -0.119 Tc 1.0565 Tw ( noting that one clear implication of the theories of fertility decline is that the ) Tj -115.5 -12.75 TD -0.1121 Tc 1.165 Tw (availability of effective contraceptive methods is an important condition facilitating the maintenance of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1259 Tc 1.8134 Tw (very low fertility levels. It is an empirical finding that most so) Tj 290.25 0 TD -0.2182 Tc 1.9057 Tw (cieties with below) Tj 82.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0864 Tc 1.0239 Tw (replacement fertility ) Tj -376.5 -12 TD -0.0958 Tc 0.5039 Tw (levels has very high levels of contraceptive prevalence, normally surpassing 65 or 70 per cent of women ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0682 Tc 0.388 Tw (of reproductive age and in some cases reaching levels as high as 85 per cent. If the intermediate) Tj 431.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.165 Tc 0 Tw (cou) Tj 15.75 0 TD -0.1681 Tc 1.1056 Tw (ntries of today are to reach below replacement fertility, their levels of contraception will have to rise ) Tj -15.75 -12.75 TD -0.1098 Tc 0.2973 Tw (significantly. The attainment and maintenance of below) Tj 247.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0962 Tc 0.4712 Tw (replacement fertility \(or even of fertility at about ) Tj -251.25 -12.75 TD -0.1138 Tc 0.4513 Tw (replacement level\) will generally involve ) Tj 185.25 0 TD -0.0862 Tc 0.3487 Tw (easy access to a modern contraceptive method for most women ) Tj -185.25 -12.75 TD -0.135 Tc 0.3225 Tw (on a sustained basis.) Tj 90 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 144 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj -86.25 -12 TD 0.02 Tc 0.1675 Tw (C. T) Tj 20.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0881 Tc -0.3381 Tw (HE PARAMETERS OF THE) Tj 107.25 0 TD -0.2867 Tc 0.2867 Tw ( PROBLEM) Tj 45 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -320.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.1324 Tc 1.0699 Tw (The issue of whether intermediate) Tj 153.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1504 Tc 1.0879 Tw (fertility countries will reach and maintain below) Tj 216.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.183 Tc 1.1205 Tw (levels of fertility before 2050 needs to be) Tj 186 0 TD -0.1729 Tc 0.9604 Tw ( addressed with respect to specific countries, namely those that ) Tj -186 -12.75 TD -0.165 Tc 2.426 Tw (are already far advanced in the transition to low fertility but where total fertility remains above 2.1 ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1416 Tc 0.3291 Tw (children per woman, with this value taken as the marker of below) Tj 290.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.2953 Tw (replacement level. Bef) Tj 99.75 0 TD -0.1479 Tc 0.3354 Tw (ore the transition ) Tj -393.75 -12.75 TD -0.1043 Tc 1.2392 Tw (to low fertility started, most of the 143 countries in the developing world had total fertility levels of 5 ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1446 Tc 1.0426 Tw (children per woman or higher. Today, only 49 countries still do. Among the rest, 73 had a total fertility ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2149 Tc 1.1524 Tw (ranging from 2.1 childr) Tj 104.25 0 TD -0.1639 Tc 1.1696 Tw (en per woman to just under 5 children per woman in 1995) Tj 264.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1127 Tc 0.6752 Tw (2000, and 21 already ) Tj -372.75 -12.75 TD -0.3112 Tc 1.2487 Tw (had below) Tj 45.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1377 Tc 1.0752 Tw (replacement fertility. In addition, one developed country, Albania, also had a total fertility in ) Tj -49.5 -12.75 TD -0.1537 Tc 2.5287 Tw (the range of 2.1 to 5 children per woman. Since fertility declines amon) Tj 337.5 0 TD -0.1397 Tc 1.8272 Tw (g developing countries have ) Tj -337.5 -12.75 TD -0.1516 Tc 0.232 Tw (averaged about one child per decade during 1950) Tj 216 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.155 Tc 0.4925 Tw (2000, it is feasible that most countries with total fertility ) Tj -219.75 -12.75 TD -0.1609 Tc 0.5627 Tw (levels below 5 children per woman in 1995) Tj 192 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.124 Tc 0.4479 Tw (2000 may reach total fertility levels of 2 children per woman ) Tj -196.5 -12.75 TD -0.1241 Tc 0.3116 Tw (or less over t) Tj 57 0 TD -0.1598 Tc 0.3473 Tw (he projection span \(2000) Tj 108.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1194 Tc 0.3069 Tw (2050\) even if, as observed, the speed of fertility decline decelerates ) Tj -169.5 -12.75 TD -0.1267 Tc 1.6735 Tw (as lower levels of fertility are reached. Consequently, the set of countries considered as candidates to ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2351 Tc 1.1726 Tw (reach below) Tj 54 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0697 Tc 1.1947 Tw (replacement fertility during the projection) Tj 189.75 0 TD -0.0811 Tc 1.1019 Tw ( period includes all those whose total fertility in ) Tj -247.5 -12.75 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (1995) Tj 21 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1388 Tc 0.2847 Tw (2000 was estimated to range from 2.1 children per women to just under 5 children per woman \(table ) Tj -25.5 -12.75 TD -0.2133 Tc 1.1903 Tw (2\). The 74 countries in the group accounted for 43 per cent of the world population in 2000 and inclu) Tj 457.5 0 TD -0.06 Tc 0.2475 Tw (de ) Tj -457.5 -12.75 TD -0.1483 Tc 0.9251 Tw (such populous countries as India, Indonesia, Brazil, Bangladesh, Mexico, the Philippines, Viet Nam and ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1515 Tc 0.4461 Tw (Egypt, listed in order of decreasing population size.) Tj 227.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -191.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0816 Tc 1.0191 Tw (Table 2 shows selected indicators of past fertility trends for the set of 74 countries that wil) Tj 414.75 0 TD -0.3325 Tc 1.27 Tw (l be ) Tj -450.75 -12.75 TD -0.137 Tc 1.6995 Tw (identified from here on as the \223intermediate) Tj 201.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1449 Tc 1.6657 Tw (fertility countries\224. Based on the estimated levels of total ) Tj -205.5 -12 TD -0.1118 Tc 0.2993 Tw (fertility for every five) Tj 96.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0958 Tc 0.2833 Tw (year period from 1950) Tj 99.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0503 Tc 0.6128 Tw (1955 to 1995) Tj 59.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0811 Tc 0.3624 Tw (2000, table 2 indicates the maximum and the ) Tj -267 -12.75 TD -0.1629 Tc 0.3504 Tw (minimum total fertility reached during 19) Tj 183 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (50) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1282 Tc 0.1907 Tw (2000 as well as an estimate of the average decline per decade ) Tj ET endstream endobj 45 0 obj 9884 endobj 43 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 44 0 R >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Length 48 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (54) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0902 Tc 0.9836 Tw (implied by the maximum and minimum values of total fertility and an estimate of average declines \(or ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0936 Tc 0.2811 Tw (increases\) per decade between 1975) Tj 159.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.045 Tc 0.6075 Tw (1980 and 1995) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1246 Tc 0.6336 Tw (2000. On the basis of such indicators, it) Tj 178.5 0 TD -0.0443 Tc 0.4193 Tw ( is clear that ) Tj -412.5 -12.75 TD -0.1635 Tc 0.351 Tw (for the vast majority of the intermediate) Tj 175.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.124 Tc 0.3115 Tw (fertility countries the highest fertility levels were reached early in ) Tj -179.25 -12.75 TD -0.2496 Tc 1.9371 Tw (the 1950) Tj 39 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1724 Tc 1.8599 Tw (2000 period and that the lowest levels correspond to those estimated for 1995) Tj 357.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.125 Tc 1.3125 Tw (2000. That is, ) Tj -404.25 -12 TD -0.0725 Tc 2.51 Tw (fertility reductions start) Tj 108.75 0 TD -0.1028 Tc 2.6403 Tw (ed about 40 to 45 years ago in this group of countries and have generally ) Tj -108.75 -12.75 TD -0.1194 Tc 0.4944 Tw (continued unabated up to 1995) Tj 136.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.2099 Tw (2000. However, some exceptions to this general trend are evident. French ) Tj -140.25 -12.75 TD -0.1181 Tc 1.192 Tw (Guiana and Guam, for instance, experienced an increase in total fertility betwe) Tj 357.75 0 TD -0.27 Tc 1.2075 Tw (en 1975) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1814 Tc 1.1189 Tw (1980 and 1995) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -463.5 -12.75 TD -0.4125 Tc (2000.) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 12 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0943 Tc 0.3287 Tw (Furthermore, the speed of the decline of fertility for each particular country has varied over time. ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1567 Tc 1.7505 Tw (Countries whose fertility declined significantly early on are more likely to have reached low levels of ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1018 Tc 0.2893 Tw (total fertility and, g) Tj 85.5 0 TD -0.1093 Tc 0.2968 Tw (iven the time elapsed since the start of the decline, could have already attained below) Tj 378.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12 TD -0.0976 Tc 1.0351 Tw (replacement fertility if they were prone to do so. To detect countries where the decline of fertility may ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1098 Tc 0.2973 Tw (have decelerated sufficiently so as to cast doubts about wheth) Tj 273 0 TD -0.1201 Tc 0.3076 Tw (er they might be ready to proceed to below) Tj 191.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1633 Tc 0.9684 Tw (replacement levels in the near future, a comparison of the average declines per decade calculated for the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1059 Tc 0.3871 Tw (whole period of decline and that calculated since 1975 is made. When the average decline for 1975) Tj 441.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (2000 ) Tj -445.5 -12.75 TD 0.2062 Tc 1.4813 Tw (is l) Tj 13.5 0 TD -0.0895 Tc 0.9875 Tw (ower than that estimated as of the start of fertility reductions, a slowdown of the rate of decline has ) Tj -13.5 -12.75 TD -0.1011 Tc 2.8271 Tw (occurred. Slowdowns have been fairly common, but they generally involve just a small difference) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1845 Tc 1.122 Tw (between the average rates of decline for the two periods) Tj 252 0 TD -0.1381 Tc 0.8256 Tw ( considered. However, important differences are ) Tj -252 -12 TD -0.1095 Tc 1.1352 Tw (noticeable in the cases of R\351union in Africa; East Timor and Malaysia in Asia; Bahamas, Chile, Costa ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.09 Tc 0.2359 Tw (Rica and Guyana, and to a lesser extent Jamaica and Venezuela in Latin America and the Caribbean; and ) Tj T* 0.1537 Tc 1.5338 Tw (in Fi) Tj 22.5 0 TD -0.1097 Tc 1.8441 Tw (ji and Samoa in Oceania. Further examination of fertility trends indicates that in East Timor an ) Tj -22.5 -12.75 TD -0.0883 Tc 0.3174 Tw (increase of fertility occurred after 1975; that fertility in Chile and R\351union has been below 3 children per ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0854 Tc 1.7729 Tw (woman since 1980 but reductions since then have be) Tj 247.5 0 TD -0.0808 Tc 1.7683 Tw (en very slow; and that fertility remains high in ) Tj -247.5 -12.75 TD -0.1949 Tc 0.3824 Tw (Samoa where it has changed little since 1980.) Tj 200.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -164.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1165 Tc 1.054 Tw (Other countries with strikingly slow declines of fertility during 1950) Tj 309.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0771 Tc 0.6396 Tw (2000 are Argentina, Israel ) Tj -349.5 -12.75 TD -0.1206 Tc 1.2248 Tw (and Uruguay, all of which attained relatively low fertility le) Tj 273.75 0 TD -0.0636 Tc 1.0845 Tw (vels early on and have not shown signs of ) Tj -273.75 -12.75 TD -0.1286 Tc 0.363 Tw (reaching even replacement level, let alone levels below that. The identification of countries such as these, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1028 Tc 0.2903 Tw (where the long) Tj 65.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1536 Tc 0.4564 Tw (term decline of fertility has not automatically led to levels below replacement is importa) Tj 390 0 TD 0.1237 Tc 0.8138 Tw (nt ) Tj -459 -12.75 TD -0.1416 Tc 0.9467 Tw (because, in reviewing the guidelines for the projection of future fertility declines, it will be necessary to ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0964 Tc 0.2839 Tw (justify that their fertility will eventually reach below) Tj 233.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0973 Tc 0.4723 Tw (replacement levels or, alternatively, to treat them as ) Tj -237 -12.75 TD -0.1189 Tc 0.3064 Tw (exceptional cases if their fert) Tj 127.5 0 TD -0.1938 Tc 0.475 Tw (ility is not projected to dip below replacement level.) Tj 228.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -320.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -3 -12 TD -0.1155 Tc 2.553 Tw (Table 3 presents another view of the current status of the intermediate) Tj 335.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1037 Tc 1.7912 Tw (fertility countries. It ) Tj -375 -12.75 TD -0.1519 Tc 2.3894 Tw (displays, for comparison purposes, the most recent data on contraceptive prevalence in terms of the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.0013 Tc 0 Tw (pro) Tj 14.25 0 TD -0.1067 Tc 1.9442 Tw (portion of women of reproductive age using some method of contraception and the proportion of ) Tj -14.25 -12.75 TD -0.0801 Tc 0.9239 Tw (women of reproductive age using modern methods, together with a measure of the average change per ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1696 Tc 1.8571 Tw (decade in the proportion of women using some method. In addition) Tj 311.25 0 TD -0.1389 Tc 1.6121 Tw (, the table shows the total fertility ) Tj -311.25 -12.75 TD -0.1556 Tc 0.3431 Tw (estimates for 1995) Tj 81 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1031 Tc 0.2906 Tw (2000 derived from the ) Tj 102 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.2287 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0914 Tc 0.2039 Tw (, the estimated rate of change per decade of total ) Tj -252 -12.75 TD -0.1492 Tc 2.2118 Tw (fertility between 1975) Tj 100.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1132 Tc 1.8007 Tw (1980 and 1995) Tj 69 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0635 Tc 1.526 Tw (2000, an estimate of actual replacement level fertility for each ) Tj -177 -12 TD -0.2079 Tc 0.3954 Tw (country in ) Tj 48 0 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (2045) Tj 21.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0741 Tc 0.3616 Tw (2050, the lowest value of total fertility projected according to the medium variant of the ) Tj -74.25 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.9787 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1681 Tc 1.1056 Tw ( \(also called the target level\), and the beginning year of the five) Tj 288 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2132 Tc 1.1507 Tw (year period in which that ) Tj -355.5 -12.75 TD -0.1664 Tc 1.0206 Tw (target level will be reached according to the medium ) Tj 242.25 0 TD -0.155 Tc 0.8425 Tw (variant of the ) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0813 Tc 1.0188 Tw (2000 Revision.) Tj 67.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 1.1037 Tw ( These data highlight ) Tj -373.5 -12.75 TD -0.1554 Tc 0.3429 Tw (the fact that in the ) Tj 82.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1908 Tc 0.5033 Tw ( the vast majority of the intermediate) Tj 162.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1277 Tc 0.1652 Tw (fertility countries were projected to ) Tj -312.75 -12.75 TD -0.1159 Tc 0.3034 Tw (reach a total fertility of 2.1 children per woman long before 2045) Tj 288.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1452 Tc 0.3327 Tw (2050 and, consequently, the) Tj 124.5 0 TD -0.135 Tc -0.0525 Tw (ir projected ) Tj -417.75 -12.75 TD -0.0677 Tc 1.0052 Tw (fertility remained constant at 2.1 children per woman for lengthy periods \(30 years or more\). If recent ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1426 Tc 0.3301 Tw (history is any guide to the future, no population has achieved as yet such a perfect match of actual fertility ) Tj T* -0.1188 Tc 1.0563 Tw (levels with replacement leve) Tj 129.75 0 TD -0.1175 Tc 1.2596 Tw (l. Especially over lengthy periods, fluctuations in trends may be expected, ) Tj -129.75 -12 TD -0.1074 Tc 1.2793 Tw (and the possibility of surpassing replacement level or falling below it over lengthy stretches cannot be ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1663 Tc 3.2856 Tw (discarded. The expectation so far has been that, on average, the fertility) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 351 0 TD -0.1304 Tc 2.5679 Tw (of actual population will ) Tj ET endstream endobj 48 0 obj 10111 endobj 46 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 47 0 R >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Length 51 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (55) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1669 Tc 1.0603 Tw (eventually fluctuate around replacement level and therefore the constancy of that level in the long run is ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1402 Tc 0.2027 Tw (appropriate. The change of assumptions being considered now implies that a level below) Tj 390.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1322 Tc 0.3197 Tw (replacement will ) Tj -394.5 -12.75 TD -0.1485 Tc 0.336 Tw (be reached by most ) Tj 89.25 0 TD -0.1866 Tc 0 Tw (intermediate) Tj 54.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.11 Tc 0.2975 Tw (fertility countries before 2050. Once a target level below) Tj 252 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0756 Tc 0.2631 Tw (replacement is ) Tj -403.5 -12.75 TD -0.1355 Tc 0.2761 Tw (adopted, projections will be prepared following the same strategy as heretofore, that is, by establishing the ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1491 Tc 0.3366 Tw (target period when the target level will be reached and the) Tj 256.5 0 TD -0.1641 Tc 0.3516 Tw (n keeping that level constant until the end of the ) Tj -256.5 -12.75 TD -0.1284 Tc 0.5034 Tw (projection period. Because of the size and importance of many of the intermediate) Tj 366 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0787 Tc 0.2662 Tw (fertility countries, this ) Tj -369.75 -12.75 TD -0.0779 Tc 1.8592 Tw (strategy will reduce considerably the total fertility of the world as a whole and will likely red) Tj 439.5 0 TD -0.0735 Tc 0.636 Tw (uce to ) Tj -439.5 -12.75 TD -0.399 Tc 0 Tw (below) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1191 Tc 0.3534 Tw (replacement levels the total fertility of the world starting in 2040 or earlier. The crucial importance ) Tj -30 -12.75 TD -0.1708 Tc 0.3583 Tw (of this outcome cannot be overemphasized.) Tj 190.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -154.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.114 Tc 4.2246 Tw (A comparison of recent fertility estimates with the available data on reported levels of) Tj 0 Tc 0.9375 Tw ( ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.0155 Tc 0 Tw (contrac) Tj 33 0 TD -0.1372 Tc 1.0247 Tw (eptive prevalence indicates that there are marked discrepancies between the two for a number of ) Tj -33 -12 TD -0.1382 Tc 1.8757 Tw (countries. Sudan, for example, has very low levels of contraceptive prevalence and, although its total ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.123 Tc 0.5605 Tw (fertility is estimated at nearly 5 children per woman, it) Tj 243.75 0 TD -0.0824 Tc 0.3532 Tw (s level may have been underestimated. In the case ) Tj -243.75 -12.75 TD -0.1437 Tc 1.0812 Tw (of Lesotho, the lack of recent data on contraceptive prevalence does not allow a similar check. Possible ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1266 Tc 0.3141 Tw (discrepancies between contraceptive prevalence and the estimated levels of total fertility may also e) Tj 440.25 0 TD -0.1681 Tc 0.7306 Tw (xist in ) Tj -440.25 -12.75 TD -0.0485 Tc 0.236 Tw (the cases of Guyana, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Myanmar and the United Arab Emirates. In preparing ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1307 Tc 0.2557 Tw (new estimates, the reasons for these discrepancies will need to be analysed further.) Tj 364.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -328.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1478 Tc 3.252 Tw (However, assuming that all the data are correct, significant ) Tj 3.0038 Tc 0 Tw (r) Tj 291.75 0 TD -0.142 Tc 3.3295 Tw (eductions of fertility achieved) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -327.75 -12.75 TD -0.1267 Tc 1.0642 Tw (without marked increases in contraceptive prevalence could only have come about by major changes in ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0888 Tc 1.0263 Tw (the other proximate determinants of fertility \(i.e., the timing of marriage or the start of exposure to the ) Tj T* -0.0972 Tc 1.7847 Tw (risk of childbea) Tj 72 0 TD -0.1199 Tc 1.5824 Tw (ring, changes in fecundability associated with postpartum abstinence, amenorrhea, and ) Tj -72 -12.75 TD -0.1433 Tc 1.1808 Tw (breastfeeding, and foetal loss whether natural or induced\) and are unlikely to maintain their momentum ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0801 Tc 1.9551 Tw (for long. Analyses of the relation between contraceptive prevalence) Tj 314.25 0 TD -0.1084 Tc 1.7959 Tw ( and fertility levels indicates that ) Tj -314.25 -12.75 TD -0.399 Tc 0 Tw (below) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.083 Tc 0.9669 Tw (replacement levels are usually not attained with contraceptive prevalence lower than 50 per cent ) Tj -30 -12 TD -0.1657 Tc 1.1448 Tw (\(barring cases in which abortion levels are high\) and, in fact, contraceptive levels above 70 per cent are ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.218 Tc 3.4055 Tw (more comm) Tj 56.25 0 TD -0.0862 Tc 3.4237 Tw (on among populations with very low fertility \(51勛圖, 2000b\). Consequently,) Tj 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -56.25 -12.75 TD -0.1022 Tc 4.0398 Tw (assuming that fertility will eventually reach below) Tj 246 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1534 Tc 4.4659 Tw (replacement levels in all intermediate) Tj 181.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.1264 Tc 0.9805 Tw (countries can be considered equivalent to assuming that their populatio) Tj 321 0 TD -0.1379 Tc 1.1826 Tw (ns will reach very high levels of ) Tj -321 -12.75 TD -0.1677 Tc 1.0169 Tw (use of effective contraceptive methods. The likelihood of that change may need to be taken into account ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1646 Tc 2.9771 Tw (in deciding if some intermediate) Tj 153 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1176 Tc 2.7051 Tw (fertility countries will be more likely than others to reach below) Tj 307.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1529 Tc 0.3404 Tw (replacement fertil) Tj 78 0 TD -0.4856 Tc 0 Tw (ity.) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -91.5 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 36 -12 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1074 Tc 1.218 Tw (Lastly, in discussing assumptions about future fertility levels, the Population Division has long ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1178 Tc 0.3842 Tw (used a total fertility of 2.1 children per woman as equivalent to replacement level. In fact, the actual level ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0418 Tc 0.9793 Tw (of fertility that would produce perfect p) Tj 180.75 0 TD -0.1193 Tc 0.9818 Tw (opulation replacement over the long run varies according to the ) Tj -180.75 -12.75 TD -0.1608 Tc 1.7546 Tw (level of mortality to which the population is subject. Since the projections prepared by the Population ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1468 Tc 2.7207 Tw (Division have generally incorporated changing levels of mortality over the projection pe) Tj 415.5 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 1.3626 Tw (riod, actual ) Tj -415.5 -12.75 TD -0.089 Tc 0 Tw (replacement) Tj 54 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.077 Tc 1.7645 Tw (level fertility changes over that period. However, because in the pre) Tj 317.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0996 Tc 1.0371 Tw (AIDS era projected ) Tj -378.75 -12.75 TD -0.0928 Tc 0.3592 Tw (levels of mortality for all countries were assumed to decrease consistently in the future, by the end of the ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1407 Tc 2.0157 Tw (projection period they were gener) Tj 155.25 0 TD -0.1664 Tc 1.7175 Tw (ally low enough to ensure that actual replacement level fertility was ) Tj -155.25 -12.75 TD -0.0648 Tc 1.7523 Tw (close to 2.1 children per woman. Since 1990, when the impact of HIV/AIDS began to be explicitly ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0914 Tc 1.9152 Tw (incorporated into the projections of certain countries, mortality decreases have ceased to) Tj 410.25 0 TD -0.0424 Tc 1.3549 Tw ( be the rule, ) Tj -410.25 -12.75 TD -0.1406 Tc 1.6874 Tw (especially as the number of countries significantly affected by the epidemic continues to grow. In the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1005 Tc 0.288 Tw ( the populations of 45 countries had to be projected taking account of HIV/AIDS and in all ) Tj -63.75 -12.75 TD -0.1452 Tc 1.3828 Tw (of them some increases in mortality) Tj 162.75 0 TD -0.0509 Tc 1.0717 Tw ( were projected, at least over the short and medium) Tj 236.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.062 Tc 0.9995 Tw (term. Some of ) Tj -402.75 -12.75 TD -0.1475 Tc 0.935 Tw (these countries are among the intermediate) Tj 192 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1571 Tc 0.9446 Tw (fertility countries and it is appropriate to note, therefore, that ) Tj -195.75 -12.75 TD -0.104 Tc 1.0415 Tw (for them a total fertility of 2.1 children per woman may already be below actual) Tj 363.75 0 TD -0.0981 Tc 0.6606 Tw ( replacement level \(see ) Tj -363.75 -12 TD -0.1013 Tc 0.3305 Tw (table 4\). This fact may need to be considered in proposing assumptions on future fertility trends for these ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0555 Tc 0 Tw (countries.) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 51 0 obj 9193 endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 50 0 R >> endobj 53 0 obj << /Length 54 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (56) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1312 Tc 0.3656 Tw (In sum, the task of revising the assumptions made about the future of fertility in the intermediate) Tj 428.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1245 Tc 0.312 Tw (fertility c) Tj 40.5 0 TD -0.0976 Tc 0.2851 Tw (ountries involves at least five decisions:) Tj 175.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -216 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1585 Tc 1.1496 Tw (The selection of a target level of fertility that all \(or most\) of the intermediate) Tj 351.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1246 Tc 0.6871 Tw (fertility countries ) Tj -355.5 -12.75 TD -0.1717 Tc 0.3592 Tw (will reach before 2050 in the medium variant.) Tj 201 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -219 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1023 Tc 0.3648 Tw (The determination, for each country, of the period in which th) Tj 275.25 0 TD -0.1027 Tc 0.384 Tw (e target level will be reached in the ) Tj -275.25 -12.75 TD -0.1379 Tc 0.3254 Tw (medium variant.) Tj 72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -90 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1732 Tc 0.3607 Tw (Determining whether that level will be maintained or not to the end of the projection period.) Tj 405 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -423 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (4.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1637 Tc 1.8044 Tw (Establishing the target levels for the low and high variants, and modifying the target period if ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0791 Tc 0 Tw (necessary.) Tj 46.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -64.5 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (5.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1453 Tc 0.3328 Tw (Determining if certain countries need to be treated as exceptions on the basis of explicit criteria.) Tj 422.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -458.25 -12 TD ( ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.0945 Tc 2.607 Tw (Before proceeding to present the proposed revised assumptions for the intermediate) Tj 395.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0833 Tc 0.2708 Tw (fertility ) Tj -435 -12.75 TD -0.1749 Tc 0.3624 Tw (countries, it is useful to review the assumptions adopted to ) Tj 260.25 0 TD -0.1662 Tc 0.5412 Tw (project fertility in the ) Tj 96.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -405.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 -12.75 TD 0.1475 Tc 0.04 Tw (D. A) Tj 21.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0146 Tc -0.2646 Tw (SSUMPTIONS ON THE FU) Tj 105 0 TD 0.0152 Tc -0.0152 Tw (TURE OF FERTILITY UN) Tj 100.5 0 TD -0.0442 Tc 0.0442 Tw (DERLYING THE ) Tj 67.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0247 Tc 0.2122 Tw (2000 R) Tj 32.25 0 TD /F1 9 Tf -0.0347 Tc 0 Tw (EVISION) Tj 33.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -405 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0812 Tc 0.2687 Tw (The ) Tj 20.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 0.2912 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1161 Tc 0.3036 Tw ( includes six projection variants. Four differ among themselves with respect to ) Tj -120 -12 TD -0.1552 Tc 0.3427 Tw (the assumptions made regarding the future cour) Tj 210 0 TD -0.1218 Tc 0.3093 Tw (se of fertility. To describe them, countries are divided first ) Tj -210 -12.75 TD -0.0621 Tc 0.2496 Tw (into three groups:) Tj 77.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -77.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (High) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0419 Tc 0.9794 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1388 Tc 1.2493 Tw (: Countries that until 2000 had no fertility reduction or only an incipient ) Tj -103.5 -12.75 TD -0.0459 Tc 0 Tw (decline;) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -70.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0194 Tc 0 Tw (Medium) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 1.021 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1564 Tc 1.4689 Tw (: Countries where fertility has been ) Tj 166.5 0 TD -0.2329 Tc 1.7954 Tw (declining but whose level is still ) Tj -284.25 -12 TD -0.1463 Tc 0.3338 Tw (above replacement level \(2.1 children per woman in 1995) Tj 253.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1456 Tc (2000\);) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -321.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.2887 Tc 0 Tw (Low) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 2.521 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 79.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0636 Tc 2.3761 Tw (: Those with fertility at or below replacement level \(2.1 children per ) Tj -102 -12.75 TD -0.193 Tc 1.8805 Tw (woman in 1995) Tj 71.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1051 Tc 1.7926 Tw (2000\) plus a few with levels very close to replac) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.099 Tc 0 Tw (ement) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1062 Tc 1.2313 Tw (level fertility that are ) Tj -334.5 -12.75 TD -0.1689 Tc 0.4246 Tw (judged ready to drop below replacement level in the near future \(2000) Tj 308.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2181 Tc (2005\).) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -375.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.0844 Tc 0 Tw (Medium) Tj 38.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc -0.4891 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -132 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2343 Tc 0.7968 Tw (Fertility in high) Tj 68.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1119 Tc 0.2994 Tw (fertility countries is generally assumed to decline at an average pace of nearly 1 child ) Tj -72 -12.75 TD -0.0662 Tc 0.2537 Tw (per decade) Tj 48.75 0 TD -0.106 Tc 0.4935 Tw ( starting in 2005 or later. Consequently, some of these countries do not reach replacement ) Tj -48.75 -12.75 TD -0.2444 Tc 0.4319 Tw (level by 2050.) Tj 62.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -80.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2288 Tc 0.7913 Tw (Fertility in medium) Tj 84.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1392 Tc 0.3267 Tw (fertility countries is assumed to reach replacement level before 2050.) Tj 304.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -411 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2419 Tc 1.1794 Tw (Fertility in low) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0931 Tc 0.6556 Tw (fertility countries is generally assumed) Tj 172.5 0 TD -0.0581 Tc 0.3394 Tw ( to remain below the replacement level during ) Tj -243 -12 TD -0.1075 Tc 1.045 Tw (the projection period, reaching by 2045) Tj 178.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.119 Tc 1.1815 Tw (2050 the fertility of the cohort of women born in the early ) Tj -182.25 -12.75 TD -0.1781 Tc 1.1598 Tw (1960s or, if that information is lacking, reaching 1.7 children per woman if current fertility is below ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.0135 Tc 1.674 Tw (1.5 ch) Tj 28.5 0 TD -0.1356 Tc 1.8673 Tw (ildren per woman or 1.9 children per woman if current fertility is equal or higher than 1.5 ) Tj -28.5 -12.75 TD -0.1862 Tc 0.3737 Tw (children per woman.) Tj 90.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -108.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf 0.2475 Tc 0 Tw (High) Tj 24 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1129 Tc -0.4496 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -117 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.1098 Tc 1.9848 Tw (Fertility in high and medium) Tj 133.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1104 Tc 1.8916 Tw (fertility countries remains above the fertility in the medium) Tj 275.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (fertility ) Tj -416.25 -12 TD -0.1731 Tc 1.1106 Tw (assumption and) Tj 69.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc 1.0734 Tw ( eventually reaches a value 0.5 children above that reached by the medium) Tj 342.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (fertility ) Tj -416.25 -12.75 TD -0.2348 Tc 0.7973 Tw (assumption in 2045) Tj 85.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 54 0 obj 9078 endobj 52 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F4 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 53 0 R >> endobj 57 0 obj << /Length 58 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (57) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2919 Tc 0.4794 Tw (For low) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.13 Tc 0.2639 Tw (fertility countries, total fertility eventually reaches a value 0.4 children per woman above that ) Tj -38.25 -12.75 TD -0.214 Tc 0.4015 Tw (reached by the medium) Tj 102 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.015 Tc 0.2025 Tw (fertility assumpti) Tj 75 0 TD -0.0628 Tc 0.2503 Tw (on in 2045) Tj 47.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -274.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.1675 Tc 0 Tw (Low) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc -0.4891 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -113.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2036 Tc 2.2661 Tw (Fertility in high and medium) Tj 132.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1081 Tc 1.8894 Tw (fertility countries remains below the fertility in the medium) Tj 276 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (fertility ) Tj -416.25 -12.75 TD -0.0893 Tc 1.0845 Tw (assumption and eventually reaches a value 0.5 children below that reached by the medium) Tj 412.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (fertility ) Tj -416.25 -12.75 TD -0.103 Tc 1.0405 Tw (assumption i) Tj 55.5 0 TD -0.225 Tc 0.4125 Tw (n 2045) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -132 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2919 Tc 0.4794 Tw (For low) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1286 Tc 0.2625 Tw (fertility countries, total fertility eventually reaches a value 0.4 children per woman below that ) Tj -38.25 -12.75 TD -0.214 Tc 0.4015 Tw (reached by the medium) Tj 102 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0903 Tc 0.2778 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -274.5 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.0806 Tc 0 Tw (Constant) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1129 Tc 0.3004 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -135 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1226 Tc 0.203 Tw (For each country, fertility remains constant ) Tj 195.75 0 TD -0.1819 Tc 0.3694 Tw (at the level estimated for 1995) Tj 132.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2000.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -357 -12.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 117.75 -11.25 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0638 Tc -0.4987 Tw (E. P) Tj 18.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0828 Tc -0.4578 Tw (ROPOSED ASSUMPTIONS ) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1665 Tc -0.5415 Tw (FOR THE ) Tj 39.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1748 Tc 0.3622 Tw (2002 R) Tj 31.5 0 TD /F1 9 Tf -0.0347 Tc 0 Tw (EVISION) Tj 33.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -331.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.1305 Tc 0.8537 Tw (Before setting the proposed assumptions for the ) Tj 218.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0.9787 Tw (2002 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1775 Tc 1.0078 Tw ( in a manner paralleling those for ) Tj -318 -12.75 TD -0.0825 Tc 0.27 Tw (the ) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 0.3537 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1742 Tc 0.3617 Tw (, we address the different decisions that are to be made.) Tj 243.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -305.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj -18 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0198 Tc 0.8635 Tw (The target level of fertility for the medium variant) Tj 229.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1572 Tc 1.0947 Tw (: If intermediate) Tj 72.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0902 Tc 0.9027 Tw (fertility countries are to attain some ) Tj -306 -12 TD -0.0958 Tc 1.7417 Tw (level of fertility that is below 2.1 children per woman, the proposed target level is 1.85 children per ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.17 Tc 0.5717 Tw (woman. That value is exactly halfway in b) Tj 187.5 0 TD -0.1071 Tc 0.2946 Tw (etween the target levels for the low and the medium variants of ) Tj -187.5 -12.75 TD -0.1556 Tc 0.3431 Tw (previous ) Tj 41.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0184 Tc 0 Tw (Revisions,) Tj 45.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.25 Tc 0.9375 Tw ( including the ) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 1.1037 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1982 Tc 1.078 Tw (. In addition, it is very close to the average level of total ) Tj -215.25 -12.75 TD -0.1426 Tc 2.7676 Tw (fertility projected for the low) Tj 138 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1144 Tc 2.5519 Tw (fertility countries in 2045) Tj 119.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0894 Tc 1.9644 Tw (2050 according to the ) Tj 108.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0109 Tc 2.4484 Tw (000 Revision) Tj 60.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.3367 Tc 2.7743 Tw ( \(1.88) Tj 0 Tc -1.3125 Tw ( ) Tj -441 -12.75 TD -0.149 Tc 1.0424 Tw (children per woman\) and not too far above the average level of fertility experienced over recent periods ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1995 Tc 1.137 Tw (by countries with below) Tj 108 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1185 Tc 0.9727 Tw (replacement fertility \(see table 1\). If, as in previous ) Tj 236.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0412 Tc 0 Tw (Revisions) Tj 43.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1589 Tc 0.9089 Tw (, target levels for ) Tj -391.5 -12.75 TD -0.2354 Tc 1.9229 Tw (the high and the low va) Tj 110.25 0 TD -0.129 Tc 1.5665 Tw (riants are set so as to encompass a range of about 0.8 of a child or one child ) Tj -110.25 -12 TD -0.1838 Tc 1.0463 Tw (around the target level of the medium variant, the target level for the high variant would be 2.25 to 2.35 ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0875 Tc 0.3432 Tw (children per woman, a value well above replacement level, and that for) Tj 318 0 TD -0.0884 Tc 0.5572 Tw ( the low variant would be 1.35 to ) Tj -318 -12.75 TD -0.1147 Tc 1.0522 Tw (1.45 children per woman, closer to the average level of total fertility that low) Tj 351.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0997 Tc 0.7872 Tw (fertility countries display ) Tj -355.5 -12.75 TD -0.104 Tc 0.331 Tw (today \(1.5 children per woman\). That is, the range of 1.35 to 2.35 children per woman \(or the alternative, ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD 0.087 Tc 1.6005 Tw (1.45 t) Tj 26.25 0 TD -0.0773 Tc 1.7648 Tw (o 2.25 children per woman\), would seem sufficiently wide to cover the cases in which below) Tj 438 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1535 Tc 0.9504 Tw (replacement fertility fails to materialize and fertility remains above replacement level as well as those in ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1835 Tc 0.371 Tw (which fertility drops even further in the below) Tj 202.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.0961 Tc (replacem) Tj 41.25 0 TD -0.1996 Tc 0.3871 Tw (ent range.) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -291 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0624 Tc 0.8124 Tw (Determination of the target period) Tj 157.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.11 Tc 1.1629 Tw (: The target period for each country will be determined in a manner ) Tj -157.5 -12.75 TD -0.0894 Tc 1.0269 Tw (consistent with target periods already used in the medium variant of the ) Tj 331.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.034 Tc 0.9035 Tw (2000 Revision.) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1587 Tc 0.9087 Tw ( That is, unless ) Tj -399.75 -12.75 TD -0.1358 Tc 1.8233 Tw (revised estimates of past fertility tr) Tj 160.5 0 TD -0.114 Tc 1.597 Tw (ends change considerably, the general guideline will be to select a ) Tj -160.5 -12.75 TD -0.1454 Tc 1.0829 Tw (target period for the attainment of below) Tj 183.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.113 Tc 0.9755 Tw (replacement fertility that is later than the current target period ) Tj -187.5 -12.75 TD -0.1684 Tc 0.3559 Tw (for the attainment of replacement level.) Tj 173.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -173.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0384 Tc 0.0384 Tw (Maintaining the level of below) Tj 135.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.1656 Tc (replac) Tj 28.5 0 TD -0.1031 Tc 0.0094 Tw (ement fertility until the end of the projection period) Tj 226.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.21 Tc 0.2475 Tw (: The new target ) Tj -393.75 -12 TD -0.1532 Tc 0.9501 Tw (level will be treated in the same way as replacement level has been treated in previous ) Tj 393 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.0319 Tc 0 Tw (Revision) Tj 38.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1544 Tc 0.3419 Tw (s. Once ) Tj -431.25 -12.75 TD -0.1713 Tc 0.3588 Tw (the target level is reached, it will be maintained to the end of the projection) Tj 329.25 0 TD -0.1152 Tc 0.3027 Tw ( period.) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -363.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0 Tc -0.0266 Tw (Target levels for the high and low variants) Tj 192 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1065 Tc 0.419 Tw (: It is proposed that for the intermediate fertility countries the ) Tj -192 -12.75 TD -0.1564 Tc 0.3439 Tw (target levels for the high and low variants remain half a child above and below that of the medium fertility ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0664 Tc 0.5039 Tw (variant. Given the greater) Tj 114.75 0 TD -0.1213 Tc 0.4338 Tw ( uncertainty surrounding the attainment of below) Tj 217.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.076 Tc 0.2635 Tw (replacement fertility by many ) Tj ET endstream endobj 58 0 obj 10055 endobj 55 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F4 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 57 0 R >> endobj 60 0 obj << /Length 61 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (58) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1866 Tc (intermediate) Tj 54.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1299 Tc 1.7237 Tw (fertility countries, a narrowing of the range for the high and low variants does not seem ) Tj -58.5 -12.75 TD -0.1342 Tc 0.3217 Tw (advisable at this time.) Tj 96 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -96 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0407 Tc 0.2282 Tw (Determining exceptions) Tj 106.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1875 Tc 0.875 Tw (: Just as in other ) Tj 81 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1243 Tc 0 Tw (Revisio) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0.2494 Tc (ns) Tj 10.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1849 Tc 0.986 Tw (, the target level may need to be modified for certain ) Tj -230.25 -12 TD -0.1866 Tc 0 Tw (intermediate) Tj 54.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1163 Tc 0.5382 Tw (fertility countries in light of past trends or other relevant information. It is suggest that such ) Tj -58.5 -12.75 TD -0.151 Tc 1.7761 Tw (determination be based on consideration of at least the following: past fertility trend) Tj 386.25 0 TD -0.1232 Tc 1.2482 Tw (s and evidence of ) Tj -386.25 -12.75 TD -0.1019 Tc 1.1331 Tw (stagnation of fertility levels; very low levels of contraceptive prevalence that may cast doubt about the ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1275 Tc 4.0073 Tw (sustainability of rapid fertility declines; the impact of HIV/AIDS and its implications for actual) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.149 Tc 0.3365 Tw (replacement level; and the charac) Tj 147.75 0 TD -0.1463 Tc 0.3338 Tw (teristics of population policies and programmes.) Tj 211.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -359.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD -0.1406 Tc 0.9531 Tw (In a manner parallel to the ) Tj 123.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 1.0412 Tw (2000 Revision) Tj 64.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.131 Tc 0.9435 Tw (, the proposed assumptions for the ) Tj 159 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1439 Tc 1.0814 Tw (2002 Revisions) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.3287 Tc 0.5162 Tw ( are ) Tj -451.5 -12.75 TD -0.1545 Tc 0.342 Tw (presented in terms of three groups of countries:) Tj 207.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -207.75 -12 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (High) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0419 Tc 0.9794 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1596 Tc 1.3114 Tw (: Countries that until 2000 had no f) Tj 160.5 0 TD -0.0989 Tc 1.1614 Tw (ertility reduction or only an incipient ) Tj -264 -12.75 TD -0.1684 Tc 0.4631 Tw (decline \(generally, those with total fertility in 1995) Tj 223.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1472 Tc 0.3347 Tw (2000 at or above 5 children per woman\);) Tj 180 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -443.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1031 Tc 0 Tw (Intermediate) Tj 57 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 1.021 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1903 Tc 1.8096 Tw (: Countries where fertility has been declining but whose level is ) Tj -138 -12.75 TD -0.0926 Tc 0.2801 Tw (still above replacemen) Tj 99 0 TD -0.1852 Tc 0.3727 Tw (t level \(higher than 2.1 children per woman in 1995) Tj 225.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1456 Tc (2000\);) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -393.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.2887 Tc 0 Tw (Low) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0835 Tc 2.521 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 79.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0636 Tc 2.3761 Tw (: Those with fertility at or below replacement level \(2.1 children per ) Tj -102 -12.75 TD -0.2611 Tc 0.4486 Tw (woman in 1995) Tj 67.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0931 Tc (2000\).) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -136.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.0844 Tc 0 Tw (Medium) Tj 38.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc -0.4891 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -132 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2843 Tc 1.9718 Tw (Fertility in high) Tj 69.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0757 Tc 1.2007 Tw (fertility countries is assumed t) Tj 137.25 0 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.9566 Tw (o decline at an average pace of at most one child ) Tj -210.75 -12.75 TD -0.0852 Tc 1.0804 Tw (per decade. The pace of decline will be set taking into account the socio) Tj 331.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0748 Tc 0.5123 Tw (economic and related ) Tj -335.25 -12 TD -0.1363 Tc 0.3238 Tw (conditions of each country. Owing to their continued high fertility, the countries in this group will ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0455 Tc 0.233 Tw (not neces) Tj 42 0 TD -0.1759 Tc 0.3634 Tw (sarily have a total fertility below replacement level by the end of the projection period.) Tj 380.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -458.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.163 Tc 1.8505 Tw (Fertility in intermediate) Tj 107.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0604 Tc 0.9297 Tw (fertility countries is assumed to reach 1.85 children per women before ) Tj -111 -12.75 TD -0.1369 Tc 0.4078 Tw (2050. Once that level is reached, total fertility remains unchanged) Tj 290.25 0 TD -0.1337 Tc 0.4046 Tw ( at that level until the end of the ) Tj -290.25 -12.75 TD -0.1721 Tc 0.3596 Tw (projection period.) Tj 78 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -114 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2954 Tc 2.7329 Tw (Fertility in low) Tj 69 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1131 Tc 1.7324 Tw (fertility countries is generally assumed to remain below the replacement level ) Tj -72.75 -12 TD -0.1132 Tc 0.5507 Tw (during the projection period, reaching by 2045) Tj 207.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0619 Tc 0.3994 Tw (2050 the fertility of the cohort of women born in ) Tj -212.25 -12.75 TD 0.0444 Tc 1.6431 Tw (the ear) Tj 32.25 0 TD -0.1507 Tc 1.9882 Tw (ly 1960s or, if that information is lacking, reaching 1.7 children per woman if current ) Tj -32.25 -12.75 TD -0.1196 Tc 0.4738 Tw (fertility is below 1.5 children per woman or 1.9 children per woman if current fertility is equal or ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1781 Tc 0.3656 Tw (higher than 1.5 children per woman.) Tj 159.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -195.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf 0.2475 Tc 0 Tw (High) Tj 24 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1129 Tc -0.4496 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -117 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (Fe) Tj 11.25 0 TD -0.2231 Tc 2.2856 Tw (rtility in high and intermediate) Tj 140.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.167 Tc 1.9482 Tw (fertility countries remains above the fertility in the medium) Tj 272.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -427.5 -12.75 TD -0.1539 Tc 3.3414 Tw (fertility assumption and eventually reaches a value 0.5 children above that reached by the) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.2713 Tc 0 Tw (medium) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0903 Tc 0.2778 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -225.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2919 Tc 0.4794 Tw (For low) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 0.2704 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 76.5 0 TD -0.1218 Tc 0.3093 Tw (, total fertility eventually reaches a value 0.4 children per woman above ) Tj -114.75 -12.75 TD -0.1921 Tc 0.3796 Tw (that reached by the medium) Tj 121.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1803 Tc 0.6178 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 121.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -312 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 61 0 obj 8746 endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F4 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 60 0 R >> endobj 63 0 obj << /Length 64 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (59) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 72 711 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.1675 Tc (Low) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0734 Tc -0.4891 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -113.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2082 Tc 2.2708 Tw (Fertility in high and intermediate) Tj 151.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.183 Tc 1.9777 Tw (fertility countries remains below the fertility in the) Tj 232.5 0 TD -0.2713 Tc 1.9588 Tw ( medium) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -427.5 -12.75 TD -0.1523 Tc 3.2821 Tw (fertility assumption and eventually reaches a value 0.5 children below that reached by the) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2713 Tc 0 Tw (medium) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0903 Tc 0.2778 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -225.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 18 -12.75 TD -0.4688 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2919 Tc 0.4794 Tw (For low) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1116 Tc 0.2414 Tw (fertility countries, total fertility eventually reaches a value 0.4 children per woman below ) Tj -38.25 -12.75 TD -0.0774 Tc -0.1101 Tw (that reached ) Tj 57 0 TD -0.3068 Tc 0.4943 Tw (by the medium) Tj 64.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1803 Tc 0.6178 Tw (fertility assumption in 2045) Tj 121.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2050.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -312 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F4 11.25 Tf -0.0806 Tc 0 Tw (Constant) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1129 Tc 0.3004 Tw (fertility assumption) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (:) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -135 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1463 Tc 0.2656 Tw (For each country, fertility remains constant at the level estimated for 1995) Tj 325.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2625 Tc (2000.) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -120 -12 TD ( ) Tj -48.75 -12.75 TD -0.0638 Tc 0.2513 Tw (F. T) Tj 18.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.0184 Tc -0.0184 Tw (HE IMPLICATIONS) Tj 78 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -48 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj -198 -12.75 TD -0.1417 Tc 4.0792 Tw (The implications of the proposed guidelines for future fertility in ) Tj 3.6225 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 328.5 0 TD -0.06 Tc 0.2475 Tw (he ) Tj 17.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1037 Tc 4.0413 Tw (2002 Revision) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 73.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.3287 Tc -0.2338 Tw (are ) Tj -455.25 -12.75 TD -0.1054 Tc 2.6501 Tw (momentous. The expectation that the intermediate) Tj 245.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1003 Tc 2.2878 Tw (fertility countries will have below replacement ) Tj -249 -12.75 TD -0.1378 Tc 1.6645 Tw (fertility contrasts markedly with the current assumption that their fertility will stabilize at replacement ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0595 Tc 2.497 Tw (level. The implementation o) Tj 135 0 TD -0.1554 Tc 2.3202 Tw (f the proposed fertility assumptions, in the medium variant, means that ) Tj -135 -12 TD -0.1133 Tc 0.408 Tw (before 2050, approximately 80 per cent of world population will be projected to have below) Tj 410.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.2765 Tw (replacement ) Tj -414 -12.75 TD -0.2063 Tc 0 Tw (fertility.) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0635 Tc 1.751 Tw (Even with the proposed fertility assumptions, world population will s) Tj 321.75 0 TD -0.174 Tc 2.049 Tw (till be growing by mid) Tj 105.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -463.5 -12.75 TD -0.1073 Tc 0.4615 Tw (century. However, the rates of population growth will be much lower than currently projected. In such a ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1096 Tc 0.3387 Tw (case, the somewhat hyperbolic claim that the \223end of population growth\224 is near will be slightly closer to ) Tj T* -0.169 Tc 0.3565 Tw (the truth than it has) Tj 84.75 0 TD -0.1352 Tc 0.3227 Tw ( been heretofore.) Tj 75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -123.75 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1721 Tc 1.806 Tw (The state of current knowledge does not provide elements to affirm with certainty that below) Tj 428.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1392 Tc 1.019 Tw (replacement fertility levels are inevitable. However, that knowledge, buttressed by the actual experience ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.2003 Tc 1.1378 Tw (of a growing number of countries, sugg) Tj 177 0 TD -0.1892 Tc 1.1267 Tw (ests that lengthy periods of below) Tj 151.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.8739 Tw (replacement fertility are likely ) Tj -332.25 -12.75 TD -0.1575 Tc 2.7314 Tw (to be common in the future. In addition, the attainment of below) Tj 309.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1 Tc 1.975 Tw (replacement fertility seems likely ) Tj -313.5 -12.75 TD -0.0648 Tc 0.3405 Tw (because there has been so much success in reducing fertility from levels of 5, 6 or 7 ch) Tj 390 0 TD -0.1237 Tc 0.3112 Tw (ildren per woman ) Tj -390 -12.75 TD -0.1798 Tc 1.8673 Tw (to 2, 3 or 4 children per woman. Today, the intermediate) Tj 264 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.146 Tc 1.5835 Tw (fertility countries still have moderately high ) Tj -267.75 -12.75 TD -0.1752 Tc 1.1522 Tw (fertility levels and it is the speed at which those levels have been falling that suggests that reductions of ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1248 Tc 0.5623 Tw (fertility will not necess) Tj 101.25 0 TD -0.1617 Tc 0.3492 Tw (arily stop at exactly the replacement level.) Tj 186 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -251.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD ( ) Tj -36 -12.75 TD -0.1768 Tc 0.5007 Tw (In sum, the proposed guidelines for the projection of fertility in intermediate) Tj 336 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.118 Tc 0.0555 Tw (fertility countries are ) Tj -375.75 -12.75 TD -0.0891 Tc 0.4497 Tw (based on the scientifically sound recognition that replacement level fertility is not necessarily hard) Tj 438.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.75 Tc (wi) Tj 11.25 0 TD -0.0387 Tc -0.5238 Tw (red ) Tj -453.75 -12.75 TD -0.1178 Tc 1.0553 Tw (in the evolution of populations. In the past, analysts of the 51勛圖 Population Division showed ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1235 Tc 1.1051 Tw (foresight in projecting population. In the late 1940s, for example, they anticipated future rapid rates of ) Tj T* -0.0466 Tc 0.2341 Tw (population growth. In the 1960s and ear) Tj 182.25 0 TD -0.0985 Tc 0.436 Tw (ly 1970s, they projected major reductions of fertility when there ) Tj -182.25 -12 TD -0.1074 Tc 0.998 Tw (was still scant evidence suggesting that such reductions were to occur. Today, the Population Division ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.109 Tc 1.8647 Tw (foresees the continuation of unprecedented changes in the dynamics of population growt) Tj 409.5 0 TD -0.093 Tc 1.5305 Tw (h. Given the ) Tj -409.5 -12.75 TD -0.1745 Tc 2.862 Tw (experience of today\222s low) Tj 121.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.0937 Tc 2.7812 Tw (fertility countries and the insights gained in understanding the processes) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -125.25 -12.75 TD -0.1565 Tc 3.444 Tw (leading to the virtually universal transition from high to low fertility, it seems likely that below) Tj 464.25 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -464.25 -12.75 TD -0.1531 Tc 0.4656 Tw (replacement fertility will be common in t) Tj 182.25 0 TD -0.1262 Tc 0.4637 Tw (he future. The fertility level proposed, 1.85 children per woman, ) Tj -182.25 -12.75 TD -0.1317 Tc 4.0692 Tw (represents only a modest, but significant deviation from the replacement level. If attained and) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0987 Tc 0.517 Tw (maintained, below replacement fertility will lead first to the slowing of population growth r) Tj 408.75 0 TD 0.0126 Tc 0.1749 Tw (ates and then ) Tj -408.75 -12.75 TD -0.1784 Tc 0.3659 Tw (to slow reductions in the size of world population.) Tj 220.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -184.5 -12 TD ( ) Tj 198 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 64 0 obj 8594 endobj 62 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F4 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 63 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Length 67 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD /F1 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -685.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf ( ) Tj 228.75 0 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (60) Tj ET q 300.75 36 10.5 11.25 re W n BT 309.75 38.25 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 306 711 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -234 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 112.5 -11.25 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.249 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 6 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.0939 Tc -0.2814 Tw (ABLE ) Tj 20.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw (1. I) Tj 12 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1326 Tc -0.0701 Tw (NDICATORS OF THE DIS) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0.146 Tc 0.0415 Tw (TRIBUTION OF SELECTE) Tj 80.25 0 TD 0.2079 Tc -0.3954 Tw (D GROUPS OF ) Tj 47.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -231 -10.5 TD /F0 6.75 Tf -0.1233 Tc (LOW) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1669 Tc -0.3544 Tw (FERTILITY COUNTRIES) Tj 77.25 3.75 TD /F0 6 Tf 0.336 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 2.25 -3.75 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1882 Tc -0 Tw ( ACCORDING TO TOTAL ) Tj 81 0 TD 0.2921 Tc 0 Tw (FERTILITY) Tj 36 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -232.5 -10.5 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tw ( ) Tj 81 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 68.25 0 TD ( ) Tj -157.5 -38.25 TD /F1 8.25 Tf 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 42.75 9 TD -0.0872 Tc -0.1003 Tw (Total fertility ) Tj 0 -9 TD -0.0698 Tc -0.4927 Tw (in 1995) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0.2527 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc (2000) Tj ET q 260.25 18 48 756 re W n BT 306.75 627.75 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 312 654.75 TD -0.1036 Tc 0.2911 Tw (Average for period ) Tj 15.75 -9 TD 0.1246 Tc -0.6871 Tw (of below) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.2527 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -45 -9.75 TD -0.1381 Tc (replac) Tj ET q 308.25 18 68.25 756 re W n BT 331.5 636 TD -0.1427 Tc -0.0448 Tw (ement fertility ) Tj ET Q BT 321 627 TD -0.08 Tc -0.1075 Tw (prior to 2000) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 23.25 18.75 TD -0.1003 Tc -0.0872 Tw (Projected for ) Tj 3.75 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (2045) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw (2050 ) Tj -29.25 -9.75 TD -0.1465 Tc 0.334 Tw (\(medium variant\)) Tj 56.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 179.25 662.25 81 0.75 re f 260.25 662.25 0.75 0.75 re f 261 662.25 47.25 0.75 re f 308.25 662.25 0.75 0.75 re f 309 662.25 67.5 0.75 re f 376.5 662.25 0.75 0.75 re f 377.25 662.25 63 0.75 re f BT 180.75 614.25 TD /F2 9 Tf 0.208 Tc -0.208 Tw (All low) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0408 Tc 0.0408 Tw (fertility countries) Tj 66.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 63.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 179.25 624 81 0.75 re f 260.25 624 0.75 0.75 re f 261 624 47.25 0.75 re f 308.25 624 0.75 0.75 re f 309 624 67.5 0.75 re f 376.5 624 0.75 0.75 re f 377.25 624 63 0.75 re f BT 198 601.5 TD 0.213 Tc (Minimum) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (1.12) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.61) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -213.75 -12.75 TD 0.0588 Tc -0.8088 Tw (Lower quartile) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 27.75 0 TD (1.34) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.82) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -213.75 -12.75 TD 0.0425 Tc (Median) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 53.25 0 TD (1.55) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.74) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -213.75 -12.75 TD 0.078 Tc -0.828 Tw (Upper quartile) Tj 53.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 28.5 0 TD (1.77) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.86) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -213.75 -12.75 TD 0.1067 Tc (Maximum) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD (2.06) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -172.5 -17.25 TD -0.0608 Tc (Mean) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1.57) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.76) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (1.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj -231 -21.75 TD /F2 9 Tf 0.0484 Tc -0.0484 Tw (Countries with TF> 3 in 1950) Tj 114 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 84.75 0 TD /F0 9 Tf ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.213 Tc (Minimum) Tj 36.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (1.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.0588 Tc -0.8088 Tw (Lower quartile) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 27.75 0 TD (1.52) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.0425 Tc (Median) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 53.25 0 TD (1.76) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.078 Tc -0.828 Tw (Upper quartile) Tj 53.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 28.5 0 TD (1.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -202.5 -12.75 TD 0.1067 Tc (Maximum) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD (2.06) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -161.25 -20.25 TD -0.0608 Tc (Mean) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0 Tc (1.71) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD (1.81) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 54.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 179.25 424.5 81 0.75 re f 260.25 424.5 0.75 0.75 re f 261 424.5 47.25 0.75 re f 308.25 424.5 0.75 0.75 re f 309 424.5 67.5 0.75 re f 376.5 424.5 0.75 0.75 re f 377.25 424.5 63 0.75 re f BT 189 415.5 TD /F0 5.25 Tf -0.081 Tc (a) Tj 2.25 -3.75 TD /F0 8.25 Tf -0.0876 Tc 0.0876 Tw (Refers to countries with below) Tj 98.25 0 TD 0.2527 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD -0.1245 Tc 0.062 Tw (replacement fertility in 1995) Tj 91.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD 0.0375 Tc (2000.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -333 -11.25 TD /F0 11.25 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 67 0 obj 5908 endobj 65 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 56 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 66 0 R >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Length 70 0 R >> stream BT 72 38.25 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 130.5 494.25 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.249 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 6 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf -0.1879 Tc (AB) Tj 9.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1882 Tw (LE ) Tj 10.5 0 TD /F0 9 Tf -0.083 Tc 0.083 Tw (2. L) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1328 Tc -0.0703 Tw (IST OF INTERMEDIATE ) Tj 76.5 0 TD 0.1252 Tc 0.0623 Tw (FERTILITY COUNTRIES ) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0.1769 Tc -0.3644 Tw (ACCORDING TO TOTAL F) Tj 83.25 0 TD 0.026 Tc 0.2865 Tw (ERTILITY LEVEL IN ) Tj 66 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000 ) Tj 20.25 0 TD ( ) Tj -289.5 -10.5 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.1549 Tc 0.1576 Tw (AND INDICATORS OF TH) Tj 81.75 0 TD 0.1765 Tc 0.136 Tw (E SPEED OF FERTILITY) Tj 75 0 TD 0.1615 Tc 0.401 Tw ( DECLINE) Tj 32.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 76.5 516 13.5 3 re W n BT 77.25 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 90.75 516 115.5 3 re W n BT 91.5 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 207 516 31.5 3 re W n BT 207.75 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 239.25 516 30.75 3 re W n BT 240 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 270.75 516 30.75 3 re W n BT 271.5 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 302.25 516 39.75 3 re W n BT 303 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 342.75 516 38.25 3 re W n BT 343.5 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 381.75 516 49.5 3 re W n BT 382.5 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 432 516 48.75 3 re W n BT 432.75 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 481.5 516 39.75 3 re W n BT 482.25 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 522 516 48.75 3 re W n BT 522.75 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 571.5 516 48.75 3 re W n BT 572.25 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 621 516 1.5 3 re W n BT 621.75 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 623.25 516 46.5 3 re W n BT 624 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 670.5 516 53.25 3 re W n BT 671.25 510.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 392.25 498.75 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0336 Tc 0.2211 Tw (Total fertility) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 498.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 655.5 507.75 TD -0.1421 Tc 0 Tw (Population) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -38.25 -9.75 TD -0.1461 Tc -0.4164 Tw (\(in millions\)) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET 75.75 515.25 14.25 0.75 re f 90 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 90.75 515.25 115.5 0.75 re f 206.25 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 207 515.25 31.5 0.75 re f 238.5 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 239.25 515.25 30.75 0.75 re f 270 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 270.75 515.25 30.75 0.75 re f 301.5 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 302.25 515.25 39.75 0.75 re f 342 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 342.75 515.25 38.25 0.75 re f 381 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 381.75 515.25 49.5 0.75 re f 431.25 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 432 515.25 48.75 0.75 re f 480.75 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 481.5 515.25 39.75 0.75 re f 521.25 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 522 515.25 48.75 0.75 re f 570.75 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 571.5 515.25 48.75 0.75 re f 620.25 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 621 515.25 1.5 0.75 re f 622.5 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 623.25 515.25 46.5 0.75 re f 669.75 515.25 0.75 0.75 re f 670.5 515.25 53.25 0.75 re f BT 82.5 477 TD /F4 8.25 Tf ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 6.75 -31.5 TD /F1 8.25 Tf -0.0436 Tc -0.2689 Tw (Major area or country) Tj 72.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 49.5 8.25 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1950) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj -15.75 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc (1955) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 14.25 9 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj -15 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc (1980) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 13.5 9 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1995) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj -15 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc (2000) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 11.25 -0.75 TD -0.2131 Tc 0 Tw (Maximum) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 7.5 0 TD -0.2318 Tc 0 Tw (Minimum) Tj 31.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 13.5 27.75 TD -0.0469 Tc 0.2344 Tw (Period in ) Tj 5.25 -9 TD -0.0418 Tc 0.2293 Tw (which ) Tj -9.75 -9.75 TD -0.0921 Tc -0.0954 Tw (maximum is ) Tj 6.75 -9 TD -0.1533 Tc 0 Tw (reached) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 21 27.75 TD -0.0469 Tc 0.2344 Tw (Period in ) Tj 6 -9 TD -0.0418 Tc 0.2293 Tw (which ) Tj -9 -9.75 TD -0.1066 Tc -0.0809 Tw (minimum is ) Tj 5.25 -9 TD -0.1533 Tc 0 Tw (reached) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 480.75 18 40.5 576 re W n BT 482.25 480.75 TD 0.0095 Tc -0.572 Tw (Decline per ) Tj ET Q BT 489.75 471.75 TD -0.019 Tc 0.2065 Tw (decade ) Tj 3.75 -9.75 TD 0.0414 Tc 0.8961 Tw (from ) Tj -7.5 -9 TD -0.0823 Tc 0.2698 Tw (maximum ) Tj -3.75 -9 TD -0.125 Tc -0.4375 Tw (to minimum) Tj 42.75 18.75 TD -0.0674 Tc 0.6299 Tw (Decline from ) Tj 0 -9 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD -0.0698 Tc 0.2573 Tw (1980 to ) Tj -15 -9.75 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (1995) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0.2527 Tc (-) Tj 2.25 0 TD -0.1875 Tc (2000) Tj 16.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 11.25 27.75 TD 0.0138 Tc -0.2013 Tw (Indication of ) Tj 0.75 -9 TD -0.1177 Tc -0.0698 Tw (slowdown of ) Tj 8.25 -9.75 TD 0.0843 Tc -0.2718 Tw (pace of ) Tj 0 -9 TD 0.0249 Tc 0 Tw (decline) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 444 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 652.5 444 TD -0.1875 Tc 0 Tw (2000) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 444 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q BT 707.25 444 TD (2050) Tj ET 206.25 495 32.25 0.75 re f 238.5 495 0.75 0.75 re f 239.25 495 30.75 0.75 re f 270 495 0.75 0.75 re f 270.75 495 30.75 0.75 re f 301.5 495 0.75 0.75 re f 302.25 495 39.75 0.75 re f 342 495 0.75 0.75 re f 342.75 495 38.25 0.75 re f 381 495 0.75 0.75 re f 381.75 495 49.5 0.75 re f 431.25 495 0.75 0.75 re f 432 495 48.75 0.75 re f 480.75 495 0.75 0.75 re f 481.5 495 39.75 0.75 re f 521.25 495 0.75 0.75 re f 522 495 48.75 0.75 re f 570.75 495 0.75 0.75 re f 571.5 495 48.75 0.75 re f 622.5 495 47.25 0.75 re f 669.75 495 0.75 0.75 re f 670.5 495 53.25 0.75 re f BT 77.25 433.5 TD /F0 9 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 68.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 72 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 433.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 645 433.5 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 48.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 75.75 441 14.25 0.75 re f 90 441 0.75 0.75 re f 90.75 441 115.5 0.75 re f 206.25 441 0.75 0.75 re f 207 441 31.5 0.75 re f 238.5 441 0.75 0.75 re f 239.25 441 30.75 0.75 re f 270 441 0.75 0.75 re f 270.75 441 30.75 0.75 re f 301.5 441 0.75 0.75 re f 302.25 441 39.75 0.75 re f 342 441 0.75 0.75 re f 342.75 441 38.25 0.75 re f 381 441 0.75 0.75 re f 381.75 441 49.5 0.75 re f 431.25 441 0.75 0.75 re f 432 441 48.75 0.75 re f 480.75 441 0.75 0.75 re f 481.5 441 39.75 0.75 re f 521.25 441 0.75 0.75 re f 522 441 48.75 0.75 re f 570.75 441 0.75 0.75 re f 571.5 441 48.75 0.75 re f 620.25 441 0.75 0.75 re f 621 441 1.5 0.75 re f 622.5 441 0.75 0.75 re f 623.25 441 46.5 0.75 re f 669.75 441 0.75 0.75 re f 670.5 441 53.25 0.75 re f BT 87.75 420.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.051 Tc (World) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 99.75 0 TD (5.01) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.82) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.01) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.82) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 66 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 420.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 420.75 TD ( 6 056.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 420.75 TD ( 9 322.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 409.5 TD ( ) Tj 60 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 72 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 71.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 409.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 409.5 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 409.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 409.5 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.169 Tc (Africa) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 99.75 0 TD (6.71) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.84) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (5.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 66 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 396.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 396.75 TD ( 793.6 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 396.75 TD ( 2 000.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 384 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0356 Tc (R\351union) Tj 31.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 75 0 TD (5.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.28) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.) Tj 6.75 0 TD (30) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 384 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 384 TD ( 0.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 384 TD ( 1.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 371.25 TD (2) Tj 23.25 0 TD (Tunisia) Tj 27.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 78.75 0 TD (6.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 371.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 371.25 TD ( 9.5 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 371.25 TD ( 14.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 358.5 TD (3) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.1598 Tc -0.9098 Tw (South Africa) Tj 47.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 59.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1) Tj 4.5 0 TD (995) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 358.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 358.5 TD ( 43.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 358.5 TD ( 47.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 345.75 TD (4) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0013 Tc (Algeria) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 78.75 0 TD (7.28) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.18) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (2.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 345.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 345.75 TD ( 30.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 345.75 TD ( 51.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 333 TD (5) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.1998 Tc (Egypt) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 84 0 TD (6.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 333 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 333 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 651 333 TD ( 67.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 333 TD ( 113.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 320.25 TD (6) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.0343 Tc (Morocco) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 73.5 0 TD (7.18) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.18) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 320.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 320.25 TD ( 29.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 320.25 TD ( 50.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 307.5 TD (7) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw (Cape Verde) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 63 0 TD (6.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 307.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 307.5 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 307.5 TD ( 0.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 294.75 TD (8) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.167 Tc (Lib) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0.0895 Tc -0.4645 Tw (yan Arab Jamahiriya) Tj 75.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 18 0 TD (6.87) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.59) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1970) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1975) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 294.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 294.75 TD ( 5.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 294.75 TD ( 10.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 282 TD (9) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.0307 Tc (Botswana) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.37) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.35) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.35) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 282 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 282 TD ( 1.5 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 282 TD ( 2.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 269.25 TD (10) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.021 Tc -0.021 Tw (Western Sahara) Tj 57.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 48.75 0 TD (6.53) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6) Tj 4.5 0 TD (.05) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.53) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 269.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 269.25 TD ( 0.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 269.25 TD ( 0.6 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 256.5 TD (11) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.048 Tc (Ghana) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 82.5 0 TD (6.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 256.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 256.5 TD ( 19.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 256.5 TD ( 40.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 243.75 TD (12) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.048 Tc (Kenya) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 82.5 0 TD (7.51) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (8.12) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 243.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 243.75 TD ( 30.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 243.75 TD ( 55.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 231 TD (13) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.036 Tc (Lesotho) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 76.5 0 TD (5.84) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.74) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.86) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 231 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 231 TD ( 2.0 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 231 TD ( 2.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 218.25 TD (14) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc (Swaziland) Tj 38.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 68.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.49) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 218.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 218.25 TD ( 0.9) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 218.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 218.25 TD ( 1.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 205.5 TD (15) Tj 27.75 0 TD (Sudan) Tj 23.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 83.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.67) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 205.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 205.5 TD ( 31.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 205.5 TD ( 63.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 194.25 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 194.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 194.25 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 194.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 194.25 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -12 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1867 Tc (Asia) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 106.5 0 TD (5.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 182.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 182.25 TD ( 3 672.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 674.25 182.25 TD ( 5 4) Tj ET q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 708 182.25 TD (28.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 169.5 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0013 Tc (Lebanon) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 74.25 0 TD (5.74) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.36) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 169.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 169.5 TD ( 3.5 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 169.5 TD ( 5.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 156.75 TD (2) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.2151 Tc -0.2151 Tw (Viet Nam) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (5.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 156.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 156.75 TD ( 78.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 156.75 TD ( 123.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 144 TD (3) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0287 Tc (Indonesia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (5.49) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.73) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2) Tj 4.5 0 TD (.60) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.67) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 144 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 144 TD ( 212.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 144 TD ( 311.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 131.25 TD (4) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.1063 Tc (Bahrain) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 77.25 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.23) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.63) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.18) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.63) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) 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441.75 TD ( 4.) 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Tj 20.25 0 TD (4.16) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1990) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1995) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 416.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 416.25 TD ( 6.0 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 416.25 TD ( 10.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 403.5 TD (12) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.1761 Tc -0.1761 Tw (United Arab ) Tj 48 0 TD -0.1556 Tc 0 Tw (Emirates) Tj 31.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 27 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.66) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 403.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 403.5 TD ( 2.6 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 403.5 TD ( 3.7 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 390.75 TD (13) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0663 Tc -0.3163 Tw (Iran \(Islamic Republic of\)) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 12 0 TD (7.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 390.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 390.75 TD ( 70.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 390.75 TD ( 121.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 378 TD (14) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.093 Tc (Malaysia) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 72.75 0 TD (6.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4) Tj 4.5 0 TD (.16) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.26) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.94) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.26) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 378 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 378 TD ( 22.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 378 TD ( 37.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 365.25 TD (15) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.2511 Tc (Myanmar) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 365.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 365.25 TD ( 47.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 365.25 TD ( 68.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 352.5 TD (16) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.051 Tc (India) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 87 0 TD (5.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (199) Tj 13.5 0 TD (5) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 352.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 352.5 TD ( 1 008.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 352.5 TD ( 1 572.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 339.75 TD (17) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0212 Tc (Turkmenistan) Tj 51 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 55.5 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 339.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 339.75 TD ( 4.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 339.75 TD ( 8.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 327 TD (18) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.069 Tc (Philippines) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 65.25 0 TD (7.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.64) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.64) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 327 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 327 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 630.75 327 TD ( 75.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 327 TD ( 128.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 314.25 TD (19) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.3522 Tc (Qatar) Tj 21 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 85.5 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.11) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 314.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 314.25 TD ( 0.6 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 314.25 TD ( 0.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 301.5 TD (20) Tj 27.75 0 TD (Tajikistan) Tj 36.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 69.75 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.72) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.72) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1970) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1975) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 301.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 301.5 TD ( 6.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 674.25 301.5 TD ( ) Tj ET q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 699 301.5 TD ( 9.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 288.75 TD (21) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc (Bangladesh) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 63.75 0 TD (6.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 288.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 288.75 TD ( 137.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 288.75 TD ( 265.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 276 TD (22) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0562 Tc -0.4312 Tw (Syrian Arab Republic) Tj 79.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 27 0 TD (7.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.44) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.79) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1965) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1970) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 276 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 276 TD ( 16.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 276 TD ( 36.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 263.25 TD (23) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.3335 Tc -1.0835 Tw (East Ti) Tj 26.25 0 TD 0.417 Tc 0 Tw (mor) Tj 15 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 65.25 0 TD (6.44) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.35) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.44) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1975) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1980) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 263.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 263.25 TD ( 0.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 263.25 TD ( 1.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 250.5 TD (24) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.001 Tc (Jordan) Tj 24.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 81.75 0 TD (7.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (7.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (8.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 250.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 250.5 TD ( 4.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 250.5 TD ( 11.7 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 237.75 TD (25) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.2016 Tc (Nepal) Tj 21.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 84.75 0 TD (5.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.06) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1) Tj 4.5 0 TD (960) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 237.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 237.75 TD ( 23.0 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 237.75 TD ( 52.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 226.5 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 226.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 226.5 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 226.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 226.5 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.168 Tc (Europe) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 96.75 0 TD (2.66) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (1.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (1.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (2.66) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (1.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 213.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 213.75 TD ( 727.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 213.75 TD ( 603.3 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 201 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.0009 Tc (Albania) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 77.25 0 TD (5.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 201 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 201 TD ( 3.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 201 TD ( 3.9 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 189.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 189.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 189.75 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 189.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 189.75 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -24.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 12 TD 0.1817 Tc -0.5567 Tw (Latin America and the ) Tj 0 -10.5 TD -0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (Caribbean) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 86.25 -1.5 TD (5.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.49) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 165 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 165 TD ( 518.8 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 165 TD ( 805.6 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 152.25 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0 Tc (Suriname) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 71.25 0 TD (6.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.21) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD (6) Tj 4.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.21) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 152.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 152.25 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 152.25 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 139.5 TD (2) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.041 Tc (Brazil) Tj 21.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 84.75 0 TD (6.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.27) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 139.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W 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Tw (Saint Lucia) Tj 42 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 64.5 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.94) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 416.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 416.25 TD ( 0.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 416.25 TD ( 0.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 403.5 TD (11) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.1675 Tc (Mexico) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 78 0 TD (6.87) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 403.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 403.5 TD ( 98.9 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 403.5 TD ( 146.7 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 390.75 TD (12) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.1256 Tc (Colombia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (6.76) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.34) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.76) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 390.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 390.75 TD ( 42.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 390.75 TD ( 70.9 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 378 TD (13) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw (Costa Rica) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 66.75 0 TD (6.72) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.11) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 378 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 378 TD ( 4.0 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 378 TD ( 7.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 365.25 TD (14) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.015 Tc -0.015 Tw (Dominican Republic) Tj 75.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 30.75 0 TD (7.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 365.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 365.25 TD ( 8.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 365.25 TD ( 12.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 352.5 TD (15) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.1868 Tc (Peru) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 89.25 0 TD (6.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 352.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 352.5 TD ( 25.7 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 352.5 TD ( 42.1 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 339.75 TD (16) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.03 Tc (Venezuela) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 67.5 0 TD (6.46) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.47) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.66) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 339.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 339.75 TD ( 2) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 657.75 339.75 TD (4.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 339.75 TD ( 42.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 327 TD (17) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.216 Tc (Ecuador) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 75.75 0 TD (6.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 327 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 327 TD ( 12.6 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 327 TD ( 21.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 314.25 TD (18) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.1254 Tc -0.1254 Tw (El Salvador) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 63.75 0 TD (6.46) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 314.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 314.25 TD ( 6.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 314.25 TD ( 10.9 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 301.5 TD (19) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.003 Tc (B) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0984 Tc (elize) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 83.25 0 TD (6.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.65) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 301.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 301.5 TD ( 0.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 301.5 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 288.75 TD (20) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0013 Tc -0.0013 Tw (French Guiana) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD (5.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.05) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.02) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1975) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1980) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 27 0 TD 0.0964 Tc (Increase) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 288.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 288.75 TD ( 0.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 288.75 TD ( 0.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 276 TD (21) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0326 Tc (Paraguay) Tj 34.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 72 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.) Tj 6.75 0 TD (17) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.55) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 276 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 276 TD ( 5.5 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 276 TD ( 12.6 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 263.25 TD (22) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.0615 Tc (Honduras) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 70.5 0 TD (7.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 263.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 263.25 TD ( 6.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 263.25 TD ( 12.8 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 250.5 TD (23) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.0257 Tc (Nicaragua) Tj 37.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 69 0 TD (7.33) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.33) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (19) Tj 9 0 TD (95) Tj 9 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (1.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 250.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 250.5 TD ( 5.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 250.5 TD ( 11.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 237.75 TD (24) Tj 27.75 0 TD -0.1436 Tc (Bolivia) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 79.5 0 TD (6.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.36) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.36) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 237.75 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 237.75 TD ( 8.3 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 237.75 TD ( 17.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 225 TD (25) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.3 Tc (Haiti) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 87.75 0 TD (6.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (5.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.38) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 225 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 624 225 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 657.75 225 TD (8.1 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 225 TD ( 14.0 ) Tj ET Q BT 81 212.25 TD (26) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0.0013 Tc (Guatemala) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 66.75 0 TD (7.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (6.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (7.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (4.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1950) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1955) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 212.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 212.25 TD ( 11.4 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 212.25 TD ( 26.6 ) Tj ET Q BT 87.75 201 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 29.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 44.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 48 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 201 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 666.75 201 TD ( ) Tj ET q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 669 201 TD ( ) Tj ET Q BT 721.5 201 TD ( ) Tj -633.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1406 Tc (Oceania) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 93.75 0 TD (3.87) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.78) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (4.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1955) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1960) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 188.25 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 188.25 TD ( 30.5 ) Tj ET Q BT 674.25 188.25 TD ( ) Tj ET q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 678.75 188.25 TD ( 47.2 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 175.5 TD (1) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.0496 Tc 0.0496 Tw (French Polynesia) Tj 63 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 43.5 0 TD (6.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (4.23) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (6.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (1.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET q 620.25 18 2.25 576 re W n BT 621.75 175.5 TD ( ) Tj ET Q q 622.5 18 47.25 576 re W n BT 624 175.5 TD ( 0.2 ) Tj ET Q q 669.75 18 54 576 re W n BT 674.25 175.5 TD ( 0.4 ) Tj ET Q BT 85.5 162.75 TD (2) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.0822 Tc 0.0822 Tw (New Caledonia) Tj 56.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 50.25 0 TD (5.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (3.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 15.75 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 20.25 0 TD (5.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 17.25 0 TD (1960) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (1965) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 11.25 0 TD (1995) Tj 18 0 TD 0.003 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj 19.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33.75 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.1252 Tc (Slowdown) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj ET 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0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 421.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 421.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 421.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 408.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 408.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 408.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 408.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 398.25 TD 0.0356 Tc (R\351union) Tj 31.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 117 0 TD (0.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1990) Tj 41.25 0 TD (66.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (61.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.49) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.03) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (1.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 408 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 408 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 408 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 408 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 395.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 395.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 395.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 395.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 384.75 TD 0.1444 Tc (Jamaica) Tj 30 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 118.5 0 TD (2.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (65.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (62.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 394.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 394.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 394.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 394.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 381.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 381.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 381.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 381.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 371.25 TD -0.1063 Tc (Bahamas) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 114.75 0 TD (0.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1988) Tj 41.25 0 TD (61.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (60.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 381 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 381 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 381 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 381 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 368.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 368.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 368.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 368.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 357.75 TD 0.0013 Tc (Lebanon) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 116.25 0 TD (3.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1996) Tj 41.25 0 TD (61.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (37.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (3.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.29) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.01) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (1.90) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 367.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 367.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 367.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 367.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 354.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 354.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 354.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 354.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 344.25 TD (Tunisia) Tj 27.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 120.75 0 TD (9.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1994) Tj 41.25 0 TD (60.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (51.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (17.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.31) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.69) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2000) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 354 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 354 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 354 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 354 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 341.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 341.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 341.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 341.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 330.75 TD -0.04 Tc (Guyana) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 120 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1975) Tj 41.25 0 TD (31.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (28.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.45) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.16) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 340.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 340.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 340.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 340.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 327.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 327.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 327.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 327.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 317.25 TD 0 Tc (Suriname) Tj 35.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 113.25 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.21) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (1.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 327 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 327 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 327 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 327 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 314.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 314.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 314.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 314.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 303.75 TD 0.0013 Tc (Uruguay) Tj 32.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 116.25 0 TD (3.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 313.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 313.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 313.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 313.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 300.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 300.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 300.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 300.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 289.5 TD -0 Tc (Chile) Tj 20.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 123.75 0 TD (15.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.44) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.26) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.06) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 300 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 300 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 300 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 300 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 286.5 0.75 13.5 re f 278.25 286.5 0.75 13.5 re f 489.75 286.5 0.75 13.5 re f 719.25 286.5 0.75 13.5 re f BT 86.25 275.25 TD /F2 9 Tf 0.0182 Tc -0.0182 Tw (Total fertility between 2.5 and 3) Tj 123 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 45 0 TD /F0 9 Tf ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 51 0 TD ( ) Tj 58.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 51.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 40.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 58.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 54 0 TD ( ) Tj 34.5 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 285 0.75 1.5 re f 85.5 285.75 143.25 0.75 re f 228.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 229.5 285.75 48.75 0.75 re f 278.25 285 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 279 285.75 39.75 0.75 re f 318.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 319.5 285.75 57.75 0.75 re f 377.25 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 378 285.75 53.25 0.75 re f 431.25 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 432 285.75 57.75 0.75 re f 489.75 285 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 490.5 285.75 39.75 0.75 re f 530.25 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 531 285.75 57.75 0.75 re f 588.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 589.5 285.75 53.25 0.75 re f 642.75 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 643.5 285.75 37.5 0.75 re f 681 285.75 0.75 0.75 re f 681.75 285.75 37.5 0.75 re f 719.25 285 0.75 1.5 re f 84.75 273 0.75 12 re f 278.25 273 0.75 12 re f 489.75 273 0.75 12 re f 719.25 273 0.75 12 re f BT 103.5 262.5 TD -0.1256 Tc (Colombia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 108 0 TD (42.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (2000) Tj 41.25 0 TD (76.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (64.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (18.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.77) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2030) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 272.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 272.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 272.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 272.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 259.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 259.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 259.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 259.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 249 TD -0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw (Costa Rica) Tj 39.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 108.75 0 TD (4.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1992) Tj 41.25 0 TD (75.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (64.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (6.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.83) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.53) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2030) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 258.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 258.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 258.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 258.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 246 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 246 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 246 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 246 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 235.5 TD 0.1675 Tc (Mexico) Tj 28.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 115.5 0 TD (98.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (66.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (57.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (19.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.28) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 245.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 245.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 245.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 245.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 232.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 232.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 232.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 232.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 222 TD -0.1868 Tc (Peru) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 126.75 0 TD (25.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1996) Tj 41.25 0 TD (64.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (41.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (14.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.11) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 231.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 231.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 231.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 231.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 219 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 219 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 219 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 219 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 208.5 TD 0.043 Tc (Turkey) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 117 0 TD (66.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (63.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (37.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.98) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 218.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 218.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 218.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 218.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 205.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 205.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 205.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 205.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 195 TD 0.015 Tc -0.015 Tw (Dominican Republic) Tj 75.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 72.75 0 TD (8.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1996) Tj 41.25 0 TD (63.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (59.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (15.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.88) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.91) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.13) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2025) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 204.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 204.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 204.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 204.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 192 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 192 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 192 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 192 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 181.5 TD -0.1063 Tc (Bahrain) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 119.25 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (61.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (30.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (14.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.63) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 191.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 191.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 191.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 191.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 178.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 178.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 178.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 178.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 168 TD 0.0311 Tc (Mongolia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 112.5 0 TD (2.5) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (59.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (45.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.97) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 177.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 177.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 177.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 177.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 165 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 165 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 165 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 165 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 154.5 TD -0.024 Tc (Kyrgyzstan) Tj 42 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 106.5 0 TD (4.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (59.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (48.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.58) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 164.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 164.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 164.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 164.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 151.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 151.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 151.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 151.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 141 TD 0.001 Tc (Panama) Tj 29.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 119.25 0 TD (2.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1984) Tj 41.25 0 TD (58.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (54.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (5.1) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.63) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.71) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 150.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 150.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 150.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 150.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 138 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 138 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 138 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 138 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 127.5 TD 0.0287 Tc (Indonesia) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 103.5 0 TD (212.1) Tj 20.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (57.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (54.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (20.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.) Tj 6.75 0 TD (10) Tj 9 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 137.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 137.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 137.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 137.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 124.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 124.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 124.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 124.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 114 TD -0.166 Tc (Kuwait) Tj 27 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 121.5 0 TD (1.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1996) Tj 41.25 0 TD (50.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (40.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (17.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.89) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.50) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.05) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 123.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 123.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 123.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 123.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 111 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 111 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 111 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 111 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 100.5 TD 0.03 Tc (Venezuela) Tj 39 0 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Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.85) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.37) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2005) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 403.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 403.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 403.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 403.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 390.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 390.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 390.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 390.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 379.5 TD 0.1685 Tc (Israel) Tj 20.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 128.25 0 TD (6.0) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 52.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 48 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (2.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.24) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 390 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 390 0.75 0.75 re 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f 531 375.75 57.75 0.75 re f 588.75 375.75 0.75 0.75 re f 589.5 375.75 53.25 0.75 re f 642.75 375.75 0.75 0.75 re f 643.5 375.75 37.5 0.75 re f 681 375.75 0.75 0.75 re f 681.75 375.75 37.5 0.75 re f 719.25 375 0.75 1.5 re f 84.75 362.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 362.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 362.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 362.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 349.5 TD 0.0663 Tc -0.3163 Tw (Iran \(Islamic Republic of\)) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 49.5 0 TD (70.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (72.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (56.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (17.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 361.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 361.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 361.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 361.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 346.5 0.75 15 re f 278.25 346.5 0.75 15 re f 489.75 346.5 0.75 15 re f 719.25 346.5 0.75 15 re f BT 103.5 336 TD 0.216 Tc (Ecuador) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 113.25 0 TD (12.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1999) Tj 41.25 0 TD (65.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (50.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (16.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.15) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 345.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 345.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 345.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 345.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 333 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 333 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 333 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 333 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 322.5 TD 0.1254 Tc -0.1254 Tw (El Salvador) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 105.75 0 TD (6.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (59.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (54.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.22) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2025) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 332.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 332.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 332.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 332.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 319.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 319.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 319.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 319.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 309 TD 0.1598 Tc -0.9098 Tw (South Africa) Tj 47.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 96.75 0 TD (43.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (56.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (55.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (8.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.95) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.21) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 318.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 318.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 318.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 318.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 306 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 306 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 306 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 306 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 295.5 TD 0.1998 Tc (Egypt) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 121.5 0 TD (67.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (2000) Tj 41.25 0 TD (56.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (53.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 305.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 305.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 305.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 305.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 292.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 292.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 292.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 292.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 282 TD -0.093 Tc (Malaysia) Tj 33.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 110.25 0 TD (22.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1994) Tj 41.25 0 TD (54.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (29.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (16.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.26) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.45) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 291.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 291.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 291.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 291.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 279 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 279 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 279 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 279 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 268.5 TD -0.0343 Tc (Morocco) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 111 0 TD (29.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (50.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (42.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2) Tj 4.5 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 278.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 278.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 278.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 278.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 265.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 265.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 265.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 265.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 254.25 TD 0.051 Tc (India) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 113.25 0 TD (1,008.9) Tj 27 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (48.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (42.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (12.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.32) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.75) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.13) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 264.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 264.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 264.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 264.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 251.25 0.75 13.5 re f 278.25 251.25 0.75 13.5 re f 489.75 251.25 0.75 13.5 re f 719.25 251.25 0.75 13.5 re f BT 103.5 240.75 TD 0.0013 Tc (Algeria) Tj 27.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 116.25 0 TD (30.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1992) Tj 41.25 0 TD (46.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (42.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (18.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.25) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.96) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 250.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 250.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 250.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 250.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 237.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 237.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 237.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 237.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 227.25 TD -0.0825 Tc (Belize) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 125.25 0 TD (0.2) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1991) Tj 41.25 0 TD (46.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (41.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.41) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 237 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 237 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 237 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 237 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 224.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 224.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 224.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 224.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 213.75 TD -0.1275 Tc (Fiji) Tj 12 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 136.5 0 TD (0.8) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1974) Tj 41.25 0 TD (41.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (35.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.40) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 223.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 223.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 223.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 223.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 210.75 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 210.75 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 210.75 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 210.75 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 200.25 TD 0.2511 Tc (Myanmar) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 108 0 TD (47.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1997) Tj 41.25 0 TD (32.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (28.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (31.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.30) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.00) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.16) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2010) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 210 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 210 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 210 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 210 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 197.25 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 197.25 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 197.25 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 197.25 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 186 TD 0.0287 Tc -0.4037 Tw (United Arab Emirates) Tj 79.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 69 0 TD (2.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (27.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (23.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.17) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.24) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 196.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 196.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 196.5 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 196.5 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 183 0.75 13.5 re f 278.25 183 0.75 13.5 re f 489.75 183 0.75 13.5 re f 719.25 183 0.75 13.5 re f BT 86.25 171.75 TD /F2 9 Tf 0.0182 Tc -0.0182 Tw (Total fertility between 3.5 and 4) Tj 123 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 45 0 TD /F0 9 Tf ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 60 0 TD ( ) Tj 34.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 58.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 51.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 47.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 2.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 40.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 58.5 0 TD ( ) Tj 54 0 TD ( ) Tj 34.5 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 181.5 0.75 1.5 re f 85.5 182.25 143.25 0.75 re f 228.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 229.5 182.25 48.75 0.75 re f 278.25 181.5 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 279 182.25 39.75 0.75 re f 318.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 319.5 182.25 57.75 0.75 re f 377.25 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 378 182.25 53.25 0.75 re f 431.25 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 432 182.25 57.75 0.75 re f 489.75 181.5 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 490.5 182.25 39.75 0.75 re f 530.25 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 531 182.25 57.75 0.75 re f 588.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 589.5 182.25 53.25 0.75 re f 642.75 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 643.5 182.25 37.5 0.75 re f 681 182.25 0.75 0.75 re f 681.75 182.25 37.5 0.75 re f 719.25 181.5 0.75 1.5 re f 84.75 169.5 0.75 12 re f 278.25 169.5 0.75 12 re f 489.75 169.5 0.75 12 re f 719.25 169.5 0.75 12 re f BT 103.5 159 TD 0.0212 Tc (Turkmenistan) Tj 51 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 97.5 0 TD (4.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (2000) Tj 41.25 0 TD (61.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (53.1) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.60) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.86) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 168.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 168.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 168.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 168.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 156 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 156 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 156 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 156 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 145.5 TD 0 Tc (Bangladesh) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 96.75 0 TD (137.4) Tj 20.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1999) Tj 41.25 0 TD (53.8) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (43.4) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (16.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.95) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2025) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 155.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 155.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 155.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 155.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 142.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 142.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 142.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 142.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 132 TD 0.002 Tc -0.002 Tw (Cape Verde) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 105 0 TD (0.4) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (52.9) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (46.0) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.56) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.57) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 141.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 141.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 141.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 141.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 129 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 129 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 129 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 129 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 118.5 TD -0.069 Tc (Philippines) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 102.75 0 TD (75.7) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (46.5) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (28.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (10.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.64) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (0.93) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.09) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 128.25 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 128.25 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 128.25 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 128.25 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 115.5 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 115.5 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 115.5 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 115.5 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 105 TD 0.3522 Tc (Qatar) Tj 21 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 127.5 0 TD (0.6) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1998) Tj 41.25 0 TD (43.2) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (32.3) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (9.9) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (3.70) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.20) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.07) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2020) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 114.75 0.75 0.75 re f 278.25 114.75 0.75 0.75 re f 489.75 114.75 0.75 0.75 re f 719.25 114.75 0.75 0.75 re f 84.75 102 0.75 12.75 re f 278.25 102 0.75 12.75 re f 489.75 102 0.75 12.75 re f 719.25 102 0.75 12.75 re f BT 103.5 89.25 TD 0.0885 Tc -0.4635 Tw (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Tj 88.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 60 0 TD (5.3) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 37.5 0 TD (1995) Tj 41.25 0 TD (3) Tj 4.5 0 TD (9.7) Tj 11.25 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (25.6) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0.003 Tc (--) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 45 0 TD (3.80) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 24.75 0 TD (1.79) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 42.75 0 TD (2.08) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 38.25 0 TD (2.10) Tj 15.75 0 TD ( ) Tj 14.25 0 TD (2015) Tj 18 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 84.75 101.25 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Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj 395.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1832 Tc 5.6207 Tw (Population and) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -359.25 -12.75 TD -0.0816 Tc 0.2691 Tw (Development R) Tj 68.25 0 TD -0.3232 Tc 0 Tw (eview) Tj 24.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1459 Tc 0.3334 Tw (, vol. 2, Nos. 3) Tj 64.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.3281 Tc 0.5156 Tw (4, pp. 417) Tj 42.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.4219 Tc (425.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -263.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1692 Tc 1.1067 Tw (Knodel, John, and Etienne van de Walle \(1979\). Lessons from the past: Policy implications of historical ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD -0.1068 Tc 0.2943 Tw (fertility studies. ) Tj 72 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0909 Tc 0.0284 Tw (Population and Development Review) Tj 164.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.2708 Tc 0.4583 Tw (, vol, 5, No.2, pp. 217) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2344 Tc (245.) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -390 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1701 Tc 4.1076 Tw (Lesthaeghe, Ron \(1983\). A centu) Tj 160.5 0 TD -0.1761 Tc 4.1136 Tw (ry of demographic and cultural change in Western Europe: An) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -124.5 -12.75 TD -0.1303 Tc 1.4428 Tw (exploration of underlying dimensions. ) Tj 177 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0659 Tc 1.2534 Tw (Population and Development Review) Tj 168.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.25 Tc 1.6875 Tw (, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. ) Tj -345.75 -12.75 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (411) Tj 15.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2344 Tc (435.) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1548 Tc 1.8959 Tw (Lesthaeghe, Ron, and Paul Willems \(1999\). Is low fertility a temporary phenomenon in the Europ) Tj 452.25 0 TD 0.045 Tc -0.6075 Tw (ean ) Tj -416.25 -12.75 TD -0.145 Tc 0.3325 Tw (Union? ) Tj 35.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0659 Tc -0.2466 Tw (Population and Development Review) Tj 164.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.25 Tc 0.4375 Tw (, vol. 25, No. 2, pp.211.228.) Tj 122.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -357.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1374 Tc 1.0172 Tw (Lesthaeghe, Ron, and Camille Vanderhoeft \(2001\). A conceptualization of transitions to new behavioral ) Tj 36 -12 TD -0.1162 Tc -0.0713 Tw (forms. In ) Tj 43.5 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0793 Tc 0.1418 Tw (Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition: Selected Perspectives,) Tj 301.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.1176 Tc 0.3051 Tw (John B. Casterline, ) Tj -348 -12.75 TD -0.1543 Tc 0.2585 Tw (ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, pp. 240) Tj 253.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2344 Tc (264.) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -312.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0877 Tc 1.1324 Tw (Lutz, Wolfgang, Warren Sanderson and Sergei Scherbov \(2001\). The end of world population growth. ) Tj 36 -12.75 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.0412 Tc 0 Tw (Nature) Tj 31.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.2085 Tc 0.396 Tw (, vol. 412, pp. 543) Tj 78.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.4219 Tc (545.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -168.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1292 Tc 2.5667 Tw (Notestein, Fra) Tj 64.5 0 TD -0.1307 Tc 2.5682 Tw (nk W. \(1945\). Population) Tj 119.25 0 TD -0.1037 Tc 1.7912 Tw (\037the long view. In ) Tj 96 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1 Tc 2.2875 Tw (Food for the World) Tj 93.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1516 Tc 2.1391 Tw (, T. W. Schultz, ed. ) Tj -337.5 -12 TD -0.1368 Tc 0.3243 Tw (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.) Tj 206.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -242.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1344 Tc 2.2719 Tw (Notestein, Frank W. \(1953\). Economic problems of population change. In ) Tj 351.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0532 Tc 1.3657 Tw (Proceedings of the Eight ) Tj -315.75 -12.75 TD -0.1199 Tc 0.3074 Tw (International Conference of A) Tj 132.75 0 TD -0.1134 Tc 0.3009 Tw (gricultural Economists) Tj 101.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1662 Tc 0.3537 Tw (. London: Oxford University Press.) Tj 155.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -425.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1336 Tc 0.3211 Tw (Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincade \(1988\). A theory of marriage timing. ) Tj 308.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0812 Tc 0.0187 Tw (American Journal of Sociology) Tj 138.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.3431 Tc 0.1556 Tw (, No. ) Tj -411 -12.75 TD -0.25 Tc 0.4375 Tw (94, pp. 563) Tj 48.75 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.2344 Tc (591.) Tj 19.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -108 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (Rodr) Tj 21.75 0 TD -0.1275 Tc (\355) Tj 3 0 TD -0.1323 Tc 0.4448 Tw (guez, Germ\341n, and John Cleland \(1981\). Socio) Tj 208.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.1089 Tc 0.5464 Tw (economic determinants of mar) Tj 136.5 0 TD -0.1311 Tc 0.5061 Tw (ital fertility in twenty ) Tj -337.5 -12.75 TD -0.0896 Tc 1.3271 Tw (countries: A multivariate analysis. In ) Tj 174.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0644 Tc 1.4707 Tw (World Fertility Survey Conference 1980: Record of the ) Tj -174.75 -12.75 TD -0.1353 Tc 0 Tw (Proceedings) Tj 55.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1581 Tc 0.3456 Tw (, vol. 2. Voorburg, the Netherlands: International Statistical Institute, pp. 337) Tj 340.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.4219 Tc (414.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -455.25 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD 0.1086 Tc 0.0789 Tw (Spengler, Joseph J. \(1930\). When popul) Tj 183 0 TD 0.1019 Tc 0.0856 Tw (ation ceases to grow. ) Tj 99.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.1377 Tc 0.0497 Tw (The New Republic,) Tj 87.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.0033 Tc 0.3783 Tw ( vol. 65 \(September ) Tj -334.5 -12.75 TD 0.0942 Tc 0.0933 Tw (3\), pp. 61) Tj 43.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.4375 Tc (63.) Tj 13.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 99 0 obj 8466 endobj 97 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 94 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 98 0 R >> endobj 101 0 obj << /Length 102 0 R >> stream BT 72 747 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 229.5 -697.5 TD -0.375 Tc 0 Tw (71) Tj 9 0 TD /F1 9.75 Tf 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -238.5 672 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.0929 Tc 2.3429 Tw (Teitelbaum, Michael S., and Jay M. Winter \(1985\). ) Tj 249.75 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf 0.01 Tc 2.4275 Tw (The Fear of Population Decline) Tj 153 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1067 Tc 1.7942 Tw (. Orlando and ) Tj -366.75 -12 TD -0.145 Tc 0.3325 Tw (London: Academic Press.) Tj 114 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -150 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1553 Tc 0.3428 Tw (Thompson, W. S. \(1929\). Population. ) Tj 168 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0377 Tc -0.0248 Tw (American Journal of Sociol) Tj 121.5 0 TD -0.165 Tc 0 Tw (ogy) Tj 16.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1974 Tc 0.3849 Tw (, vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 959) Tj 103.5 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.4219 Tc (975.) Tj 18.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -432 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1588 Tc 2.3463 Tw (51勛圖 \(1985\). ) Tj 113.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0897 Tc 3.0272 Tw (Women\222s Employment and Fertility) Tj 167.25 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1431 Tc 3.1806 Tw ( \(51勛圖 publication, Sales No.) Tj 0 Tc -0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj -244.5 -12.75 TD -0.0851 Tc 0.2726 Tw (E.85.XIII.5\). ) Tj 63 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -99 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1192 Tc 0.3067 Tw (51勛圖 \(2000a\). Below Replacement Fertility.) 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Tj 231 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -267 -12 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1334 Tc 1.8209 Tw (51勛圖 \(2001b\). ) Tj 119.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1029 Tc 1.6654 Tw (World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision) Tj 226.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.2569 Tc 1.1944 Tw (, Vol. II, ) Tj 44.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.0716 Tc 0.8216 Tw (The Sex and Age ) Tj -354 -12.75 TD -0.1061 Tc 0.2936 Tw (Distribution of the World Population) Tj 163.5 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.127 Tc 0.3145 Tw ( \(51勛圖 publication, Sales No. E.01.XIII.9\).) Tj 233.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -432.75 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD -0.1176 Tc 0 Tw (Wattenberg,) Tj 54 0 TD -0.1556 Tc 0.3431 Tw ( Ben J. \(1987\). ) Tj 68.25 0 TD /F1 11.25 Tf -0.1519 Tc 0.3394 Tw (The Birth Dearth) Tj 75.75 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf -0.1686 Tc 0.3561 Tw (. New York, NY: Pharos Books.) Tj 145.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -343.5 -12.75 TD ( ) Tj 0 -12.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 36 -11.25 TD ( ) Tj 184.5 -11.25 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0.1275 Tc 0 Tw (N) Tj 8.25 0 TD /F0 9 Tf 0.418 Tc (OTE) Tj 18 0 TD /F0 11.25 Tf 0 Tc 0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -210.75 -12.75 TD /F0 9.75 Tf -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -7.5 TD /F0 6.75 Tf 0.375 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 3.75 -4.5 TD /F0 9.75 Tf 0.1371 Tc 1.092 Tw ( In fact, the possibility of the end of population growth and population decline has been addressed by ) Tj -39.75 -11.25 TD 0.0403 Tc 2.8191 Tw (many authors over the years. In the 1930s, Spengler \(1930\) and Stuart \(1939\) wrote articles entitled \223When) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1965 Tc 0.366 Tw (population ceases to gr) Tj 94.5 0 TD 0.1483 Tc 0.4142 Tw (ow\224 and \223Population going down\224, respectively. 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