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IóŸšThe Conclusion of UNDP Studies¡(Ÿ òThe Privatisation and Commercialisation of Public Services are not compatible with Poverty Reduction They are also not compatible in low-income countries with achieving the Millennium Development Goals See Working Paper #22 of the International Poverty Centre: Bayliss and Kessler,  Can Privatisation and Commercialisation of Public Services Help Achieve the MDGs: An Assessment? www.undp-povertycentre.org A Central Question: How will access to public services such as water, sanitation and electricity be financed? How can cost recovery (commercialisation) be reconciled with ensuring access to all, particularly poor households?¡„e’qPeP°’ØPde²Ðª– Þ %‡Kòó>0ß}—óA)Ÿš0Access to Electricity: Percentage of Population¡11(óŸš7Access to Electricity: The Need for Public Investment ¡88(Ÿ How to reach households without electricity? Two-thirds of households in Africa 83% in rural areas? 59% of households in South Asia 70% in rural areas? 49% of households in rural Latin America? We have to dramatically  scale up public investment in order to expand the electrical grid Costing the public investment needed to reach the MDGs has provided a stronger impetus for a change in strategy We have re-asserted the need for Economic Policies that support Economic Development, not just Macroeconomic Stabilization¡t-P–’ØPGP-–#[ # ëªQµóŸš5The Need for Public Investment-Led Economic Policies ¡64$(Ÿ †Why are Neo-Liberal Economic Policies incompatible with financing public investment to ensure Access to All? According to Neo-Liberals, increased Public Investment will:  Crowd out (displace) private investment Cause accelerating inflation and appreciation of the exchange rate Increase the Fiscal Deficit and Public Debt¡F«™’ln;™ó.Ÿš/Public Investment Has Been in Long-Term Decline¡00(ŸšæIn Asia, public investment as a share of GDP fell from 10 per cent in 1980 to seven per cent in 2000 Latin America has been the most adversely affected by declining public investment In Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, public investment as a share of GDP: Rose to a peak of 10-12% in the late 1970s and early 1980s But plummeted to 2-3% by 2000 Investment in infrastructure (such as water systems, roads and electricity) was cut sharply: It dropped to 1.6% of GDP in Latin America in 2000¡’·PG’ØPY’ØP]P3’ØPeRGY]  3óF.ŸšHPublic Investment in Developing Countries, 1970-2000 (as a share of GDP)¡II$Ÿªó=%Ÿš.Why Is Increasing Public Investment Justified?¡//(ŸšgIt will stimulate private investment, not dampen it (example: electricity) It will increase the productive capacity of the economy so inflation is less of a problem Governments should borrow to finance public investment It creates future revenue and benefits Current revenue should cover current expenditures So incurring deficits is normal for such purposes¡T݋’Ø4}&‹óC+Ÿš<The Macroeconomic Implications of Expanding Basic Utilities ¡==(ŸšUFiscal policies need to be more expansionary (investment focused) Monetary policies should be consistent with fiscal expansion Low inflation targets (3-5%) can be counter-productive (inflation phobia) Achieving such targets drives up real rates of interest Such interest rates slow private investment and make public borrowing more expensive¡4ZגØZ×óD,Ÿš8The Role of Capital Inflows in Financing Basic Utilities¡99(ŸšŠFor low-income countries, a dramatic increase of Official Development Assistance need not be destabilizing Fiscal policies (increase government spending) and monetary policies (sell foreign exchange) need to be coordinated (IPC Working Paper #10) Plus manage the exchange rate and the capital account in order to avoid volatility The volatility of aid (and private capital) is the chief problem¡LkZ ’ØZkt”óE-Ÿš8The Role of Capital Inflows in Financing Basic Utilities¡99(Ÿš>Private investment in basic utilities has often been unreliable Its focus on profits often conflicts with ensuring access to all (social objectives) But this focus can also conflict with long-term development objectives Achieving long-term capital accumulation and growth as well as equity in access to basic utilities¡BÜZc’ØZÅ  cPÑê@\\.\DISPLAY1øz7ï 0`ð fÿÿÿlÌÌÿ™Ìf̙™ÿ3ÌÌ`ð ™ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÿ3fÿ{FІÑìEɄ`ð OYÿÿÿ?HsÌìÿ™ÌL„p™Ì–€È`ð €€ÿÿÿnkâïÍ3ÌÌcRžÌÿÿ™Ìÿ`ð Td4ÿÿÿHV,ÿÿÌ{ŠnR|:Uµ^…³±`𠥜¬ÿÿÿ–²žÿÿÌNˆ€/q¹ÀçTʉ`ð ̙ÿÿÿԜΜ@Ìf€€ÿ™ÿÿ™`ð ™úùæˆêÜxÿfžmR׍Ƴ~`ð ÿÿÿÝÝÝæõö¥áš[¶4˜Ž£>ÿý?" dd@ÿÿïÿÿÿÿÿÿ,£€ÿý?lZdØ@ÿÿïÿÿÿÿÿÿ þ dÔ þlZÐ@þ dð`þlZ€ £nÿý?" dd@ÿÿï€ÿÿÿÿÿÿ   @@``€€P£T $   @ ` €`£0p£>€£> 2ð2Àð..Àð†1ð( ð ðÀðB,ðT ð€ß ðÀ ðˆ"ñ¿ð€ßð ðÀ c ðÔBlCÉ DEÁ FÁ*€ƒð¢‹ŠÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿy  Ý ºlÉ là y y @¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð ~Õ ð ðÀ c ðÔB×C« DEÁ FÁ*€ƒð›‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ[ ²¯ ú׫ ×¥ [ ²[ ²@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð•~« ð ðÀ c ðÄBÊCÀDEÁFÁ"€ƒðÁ‹ŠÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿœÊÀʐœœ@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ði Æ(ð ðÀ c ðÄBºCBDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹ŠÿŒŽ—Áœ@¿ÿ ˆðÿºBº<0ºBºB@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðÆù ~:ðä ðÀ Ó ðŽ0e‚˜²ƒ0e„˜²…‡ˆ‰¿  ô   ?BµCIDEÁFÁ"€ƒðÑ„… †Á‡Áˆ‰Š‹ŠÿŒŽ‘’“”•–—Á˜™š›œ @¿ÀÁà ÄÅÁÆÁÇÈÉÊË5%ÌÍÎÏÁÒÓÔÕ×ÿ€€€ËËË 8c8c     ?€‚ƒœ1„…ðù†‡÷ˆ ¿ÀÁÂdÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊ0uËÐÌ0íìÿÍ@T‰Î€Ï€ÿÿÐyÿÑ2Ò NÓPÃÔÕ'Öp”×°<ÿÿØÙ'Úp”ÿ Aš)BCD|ŸE„|Ÿ…†|Ÿ‡ˆðÿIµMµkII@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€S"ñ‘’¿‚†ðŽ°×ðÌ ðÀ Ó ðŽBÏCeDEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿÏ0ÏeÏ0Ï0@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð°v~ÛðÄ ð À Ó ð†B]CÆDEÁFÁ€¿ÿ ˆðÿ]œÆ]] @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð#ç~­ð  ð À c ðÌB'C\DEÁFÁ&€ƒð¹‹ŠÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ\7\'*'\\@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðƒ#ßðÌ ð À Ó ðŽBÕ CDEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿ†Õ ÌÔ††@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð1Ëßð ð À c ðÄB}CzDEÁFÁ"€ƒð÷‹ŠÿŒdŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ}~}®z}~}~@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð~—ðÄ ð À Ó ð†BÙCðDEÁFÁ€¿ÿ ˆðÿÙðÙðÙð @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðŠO ~? 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Ü äì ôü   ÞäApresentação na tela k « ArialTimes New Roman WingdingsBeam8The Macroeconomics of Financing Basic Utilities for AllSome BackgroundThe Conclusion of UNDP Studies1Access to Electricity: Percentage of Population8Access to Electricity: The Need for Public Investment 6The Need for Public Investment-Led Economic Policies 0Public Investment Has Been in Long-Term DeclineIPublic Investment in Developing Countries, 1970-2000 (as a share of GDP)/Why Is Increasing Public Investment Justified?=The Macroeconomic Implications of Expanding Basic Utilities 9The Role of Capital Inflows in Financing Basic Utilities9The Role of Capital Inflows in Financing Basic Utilities Fontes usadasModelo de designTítulos de slides 0emõý _PID_HLINKSVersionLCIDäA€#http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/ ö*_À‘ãèñôAna Claudia PecchiAna Claudia Pecchiþÿÿÿ  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