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???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????().
???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? (parrotfish) ???? ???? ???????. ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????.
???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????.
???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????.
?
??? ([1]) .
??? ([2]) .
??? ([3]) ipcc (ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html).
??? ([4]) The Royal Society, ¡°Climate change: A Summary of the Science¡±, September 2010, p. 16. .climate-change-summary-science/
??? ([5]) Przeslawski, R. et al. (2008). ¡°Beyond Corals and Fish: The Effects of Climate Change on Non-coral Benthic Invertebrates of Tropical Reefs¡±, Global Change Biology (2008) 14, 2773¨C2795, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01693.x.
??? ([6]) IPCC (ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html).
??? ([7]) Jackson, J. 2012. ¡°The Future of Coral and Coral Reefs in a Rapidly Changing World¡±, International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
??? ([8]) C. Wilkinson? (ed.)? (2004).? ¡°Status? of? Coral? Reefs? of? the? World:? 2004¡±, Vol. 1 and 2. Australian Institute of Marine science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
??? ([9]) Wilkinson, C., Souter, D. (eds.) (2008). ¡°Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005¡±, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, p. 152.
? ([10]) Sweatman, H. et al. (2011). ¡°Assessing loss of coral cover on Australia¡¯s Great Barrier Reef over two decades, with implications for longer-term trends¡±, Coral reefs (2011) 30:521-531. DOI 10.1007/s00338-010-0715-1.
? ([11]) Gardner et al. (2003). ¡°Long-term region-wide decline in Caribbean Corals¡±, Science 301:958-960.
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? ([13]) Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2012). ¡°Coral reefs and global change: where do the solutions lie?¡±, International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
? ([14]) Hughes, T. et al. (2003). ¡°climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs science¡±, 301, 929 (2003). doi: 10.1126/science.1085046.
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