????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????

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???? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???:

  • ?????? ??? ??????? ???????/?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????
  • ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????/?????? ??????? ???????
  • ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ???????/??????

????? ??????? ???? ?????

???? ???? ??? (Sex) ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? (Gender) ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.

?????? gender ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? genus ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1994 ????? ??????/?????? ?? ??????/?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 1995 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? "???????" ?? ?????? ?????? ("??????? ??????? ?????? ???????" ?? "???????? ???????") ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? "??????" ??? ??????? ?????" ????? ??????" ?"???????? ???????" ? "????? ???????"? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? "????"? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? "????? ?????????" ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.

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1.1 ????? ????????

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?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.

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???? ?? ?????

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1.2 ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????:

  • " ????? ??????" (??????? ??? ??????).
  • " ???? ????? ?????? ??????".
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????:

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2.1 ????? ??? ?????? ???????

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2.2. ????? ????? ??????? ????????

?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? 每 ???? ??? ?? ??? 每 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1978.

???? : ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???.

2.3 ????? "?????? ???????" ?? "???? ??????" ?? "????? ??????" ?? "????? ???????" ??? ????? ??????

???? :
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3.1 ??????? ????? ?????? ???????

??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????.

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3.2 ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? : ???/???

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(1) ??? ???? "???????" ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??.

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3.4 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? "???"

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3.5 ??? ??????? ??? ????????

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????? 75 ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? 75 ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????
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3.6 ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????

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3.7 ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????

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3.9 ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????

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