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§£§à§á§â§à§ã§í §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú
§±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ã §ß§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à, §Ú §Ú§ë§Ö§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ó §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ§ç §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.
§¬§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §à§Ò§ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ý§ð§Ò§í§Ö §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§í §Ú§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ §Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ç §µ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §°§°§¯ §Ú§Ý§Ú §à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Ü §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ§à§é§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ú §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Ó §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û; §à§Ò§ë§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§í §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§í, §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û; §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ú §Þ§Ö§â§í, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§Ú§ç §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ§ç §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û.
§¬§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ä§Ö§ã§ß§à§Þ §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ã §Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ö§Û§ã§ñ §Ó §¨§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§Ö . §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Þ §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§à§Þ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ä §ã§ä§Ö§ß§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §à§ä§é§Ö§ä§í §à §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§ç, §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§å 58 §±§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú.
§³§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ó §ä§â§Ú §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ:
- §à§Ò§ë§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ;
- §ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §à§Ò§ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ;
- §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §á§à §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó.
§®§Ö§ä§à§Õ§í §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í
§±§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §á§à §â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §â§Ö§à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ö§Ø§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§ß§ñ §Ú §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ ( §à§ä 30 §ß§à§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1987 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ).
- §£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ 48-§Û §ã§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú §Ó 1993 §Ô§à§Õ§å §á§å§ß§Ü§ä §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§ß§ñ ?§²§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §Ú §â§Ö§à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§ß§ñ §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ? §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ó §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§å §Õ§ß§ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú. §¥§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ö, §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§ñ §ã§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§à§é§Ú§Ý§Ñ §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ ( §à§ä 16 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1993 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §à§ä 15 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1994 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §à§ä 20 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2002 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §à§ä 8 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2003 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §à§ä 19 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2003 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §à§ä 1 §Ú§ð§Ý§ñ 2004 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú §à§ä 3 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2004 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ).
- §£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ 59-§Û §ã§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §Ó§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§ã§î§Ò§í §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú ?§Ù§Ñ§á§â§à§ã§Ú§ä§î §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó-§é§Ý§Ö§ß§à§Ó §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§å §à §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ §Ú §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §Õ§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ò§í §ã§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ß§í §Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó-§é§Ý§Ö§ß§à§Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§à§Ó? §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Þ §Ò§í§Ý §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß §Õ§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ ().
- §¯§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã 60-§Û §ã§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §á§å§ß§Ü§ä§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§ß§ñ ?§¡§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú? §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§å §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§å§ð §ã§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§ð (§Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ §³§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ñ ).
§°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í
- : §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §â§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú, §à§Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ ?§µ§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ, §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§ê§Ú§ç §Ó §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§ß§à§Û §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú?, §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ñ §á§à §â§Ö§Ü§à§Þ§Ö§ß§Õ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ 24 §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ 1946 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §§à§ß§Õ§à§ß§Ö.
- : §á§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §â§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú, §ã§à§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ-§é§Ý§Ö§ß§í §á§à §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ð §ß§Ñ §ä§à§ä §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä.
- §³§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §á§à §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð (§â§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§í§Ö §ß§Ñ 10-§Û, 12-§Û §Ú 15-§Û §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§ñ§ç §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú):
- (23 §Þ§Ñ§ñ ¡ª 30 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1978 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ)
- (7 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ ¡ª 10 §Ú§ð§Ý§ñ 1982 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ)
- (31 §Þ§Ñ§ñ ¡ª 25 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1988 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ)
§ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ö§ä-§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§ñ
§£ §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §â§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§Ö§Û §à§ä 24 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2011 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §à§Õ§à§Ò§â§Ú§ä§î §á§â§ñ§Þ§å§ð §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ö§ä-§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§ð §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ö§Ö §ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§à§Ó §Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó §Ó §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§Ú§ë§Ö, §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§Ö §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ö§ä-§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§í §á§à §Ù§Ñ§á§â§à§ã§å §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ó §á§â§ñ§Þ§à§Þ §ï§æ§Ú§â§Ö.
