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Signing of the Partial Test Ban Treaty, 5 August 1963. Photo: CTBTO

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Radionuclide station 56, Peleduy, Russian Federation. Photo: CTBTO

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§°§ä ?§Ô§à§â§ñ§é§Ö§Û? §Ü ?§ç§à§Ý§à§Õ§ß§à§Û? §Ó§à§Û§ß§Ö

The first USSR nuclear test

§³§â§Ñ§Ù§å §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §£§ä§à§â§à§Û §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Õ§Ó§å§Þ§ñ §ã§å§á§Ö§â§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §º§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §³§à§ð§Ù§à§Þ, §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§à§ß§Ü§Ñ §ã §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ã§Ú§Ý §Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§à§Ó. §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å 1946 §Ú 1949 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §º§ä§Ñ§ä§í §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú §ê§Ö§ã§ä§î §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û. §´§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ø§Ö, 29 §Ñ§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä§Ñ 1949 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §³§à§ð§Ù §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ó§à§ð §á§Ö§â§Ó§å§ð §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§ß§å§ð §Ò§à§Þ§Ò§å, ?§¥§Ø§à-1?. §¿§ä§à §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§à §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §Ô§à§ß§Ü§Ú §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û ¡ª ?§ç§à§Ý§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í? §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ï§ä§Ú§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ó§å§Þ§ñ §ã§å§á§Ö§â§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú.

§¥§Ö§ß§î 29 §Ñ§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä§Ñ 1949 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §³§à§ð§Ù §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§ß§à§Û §Ò§à§Þ§Ò§í, §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§à §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§å §Ô§à§ß§Ü§Ú §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú ?§ç§à§Ý§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§Ö? §Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §³§³§³§² §Ú §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §º§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú.

§ª§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ú §å §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §º§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Ó, §ß§Ú §å §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §³§à§ð§Ù§Ñ §ß§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ó §ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Ô§à §Ñ§â§ã§Ö§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ, §á§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§í§Ý§à §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§à. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §Ó 1950-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §º§ä§Ñ§ä§í §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ô§à§ß§í (§Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ô§à§ß §Ó §¯§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Õ§Ö) §Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ô§à§ß§í §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ê§Ñ§Ý§Ý§à§Ó§í§ç §à§ã§ä§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ç (§ä§Ú§ç§à§à§Ü§Ö§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ô§à§ß§í) §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò§ß§í§ç §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û. §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §³§à§ð§Ù §Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §Ó §³§Ö§Þ§Ú§á§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ö, §¬§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ç§ã§ä§Ñ§ß. §£ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î, §á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à, §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§í §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ §Ú §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ú§ä§î §ß§à§Ó§à§Ö §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ö.

§µ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ñ§ä§Þ§à§ã§æ§Ö§â§Ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ç§Ñ §Ú §á§à§Õ§à§Ù§â§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §å§ã§Ü§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ú §ä§Ö§Þ§á§í §ã§à§á§Ö§â§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ú §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§Û §Ò§à§Þ§Ò§í. §£ 50-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ò§à§Þ§Ò§Ñ, §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ú §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ, §á§â§à§ê§Ý§Ú §Ó §´§Ú§ç§à§Þ §à§Ü§Ö§Ñ§ß§Ö.

§¶§à§ä§à: §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ö §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §³§³§³§² ?§¥§Ø§à-1? §Ó §³§Ö§Þ§Ú§á§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ö, §¬§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ç§ã§ä§Ñ§ß, 29 §Ñ§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä§Ñ 1949 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¶§à§ä§à: §¥§£§©§Á§ª

§£ 1954 §Ô§à§Õ§å §á§â§Ö§Þ§î§Ö§â-§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â §ª§ß§Õ§Ú§Ú §¥§Ø§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý §¯§Ö§â§å §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§â§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ü §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §à §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û.

The Castle Bravo test created the worst radiological disaster in the United States' testing history. Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, 1 March 1954. Photo: CTBTO

3 §à§Ü§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1952 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ä§â§Ö§ä§î§Ö§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§à§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ. §±§Ö§â§Ó§à§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §Ó §¡§Ó§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ú, §Ñ §á§à§Ù§Ø§Ö ¡ª §Ó §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §º§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ç. §³ 1958 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ö§Ö §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û, §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §³§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §º§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §¬§à§â§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ, §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ä§Ö§ã§ß§à §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ã §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§à§Û §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §º§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Ó.

§±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ò§à§Þ§Ò§Ñ

1 §ß§à§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1952 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §º§ä§Ñ§ä§í §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§à§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ñ §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ò§à§Þ§Ò§í. §¢§à§Þ§Ò§Ñ §á§à§Õ §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ ?§¢§â§Ñ§Ó§à? §Þ§à§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ó 15 §Þ§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ä§à§ß§ß §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §Ó§Ù§à§â§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ñ 1 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1954 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §Þ§à§ë§ß§í§Þ §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ö§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ-§Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §º§ä§Ñ§ä§í. §¡§ä§à§Ý§Ý§í §²§à§ß§Ô§Ö§Ý§Ñ§á, §²§à§ß§Ô§Ö§â§Ú§Ü §Ú §µ§ä§Ú§â§Ú§Ü, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ñ§á§à§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ö §â§í§Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ß§à§Ö §ã§å§Õ§ß§à ?§µ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ý§Ú§Ó§í§Û §Õ§â§Ñ§Ü§à§ß? §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§ß§å§ä§í §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§à§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Þ§å §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§ñ§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð. §¿§ä§à §Ó§í§Ù§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §à§Ò§ê§Ú§â§ß§å§ð §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§å§ð §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§Ú§ð §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ó§í§á§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§à§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §à§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ü§à§Ó §Ó§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û.

§±§â§Ö§Þ§î§Ö§â-§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â §ª§ß§Õ§Ú§Ú §¥§Ø§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý §¯§Ö§â§å §Ò§í§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û 2 §Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§ñ 1954 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §á§â§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ü §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §à §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §ï§ä§à §ß§Ö §ã§Þ§à§Ô§Ý§à §à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §Ü§â§å§á§ß§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò§ß§í§Ö §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Õ§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö 35 §Ý§Ö§ä, §Ó§á§Ý§à§ä§î §Õ§à §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ ?§ç§à§Ý§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í? §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö 1980-§ç.

§³ 1955 §á§à 1989 §Ô§à§Õ §Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Û §Ô§à§Õ §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 55 §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û. §±§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ñ 1950-§ç ¡ª §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ 1960-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó. §´§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ó 1962 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ò§í§Ý§à §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§à 178 §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û: 96 §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §º§ä§Ñ§ä§í §Ú 79 ¡ª §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §³§à§ð§Ù. §¿§ä§à §Ò§í§Ý §Ô§à§Õ §¬§Ñ§â§Ú§Ò§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§Ú§Ù§Ú§ã§Ñ, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ ?§ç§à§Ý§à§Õ§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó§à§Û§ß§Ñ? §Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§à§Û §ã §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ. §©§Ñ §Ô§à§Õ §Õ§à §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Ó §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§à§Þ §³§à§ð§Ù§Ö §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§ë§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ ¡ª ?§¸§Ñ§â§î-§¢§à§Þ§Ò§í?, §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ñ §Þ§à§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ 50 §Þ§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ä§à§ß§ß. §ª§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ô§à§ß§Ö §¯§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§ñ §Ó §Ù§à§ß§Ö §³§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ý§ñ§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§å§Ô§Ñ.

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