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§¶§à§ä§à:§°§°§¯/ Mark Naftalin

§´§Ö§Þ§Ñ 2023 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ: §£§ã§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ö§ä§ñ§Þ ¡ª §Ó§ã§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ

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20 §ß§à§ñ§Ò§â§ñ ¡ª §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó§Ö§ç§Ñ §Ó §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó §â§Ö§Ò§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ. §£ §ï§ä§à§ä §Õ§Ö§ß§î §Ó 1959 §Ô§à§Õ§å §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ñ , §Ñ §Ó 1989 §Ô§à§Õ§å ¡ª .

§³ 1990 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó§à §£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §â§Ö§Ò§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó§ë§Ú§ß§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§Ú§ç §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í §á§â§Ñ§Ó §â§Ö§Ò§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ.

§£ §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §¥§ß§ñ §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§Þ §Ú §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§î §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö §â§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú, §á§â§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú, §Ó§â§Ñ§é§Ú, §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú §â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú§à§Ù§ß§í§Ö §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§í, §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§í §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§í §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§Û, §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó §Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§à§Ó§à§Û §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§Ö§Ø§î §Ú §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú.

§£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §â§Ö§Ò§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í §á§â§Ñ§Ó §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í, §Õ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §á§à §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü §Õ§Ö§ä§ñ§Þ §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö, §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ú§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ñ §Ú §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û.

§¹§ä§à §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§ä§Ö §Ó§í?

§£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §â§Ö§Ò§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ ¡ª §ï§ä§à §Ö§Ø§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ó §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ñ§ç §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û.

§°§ä §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ñ, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §á§ã§Ú§ç§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Õ§à §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ú §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§â§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡ª §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú §Ú §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§Ö§Ø§î §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ó§à§Ö §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§ç §á§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ú §á§â§Ú§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó§Ù§â§à§ã§Ý§í§ç §Ü §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Ô§à.

§£ §ï§ä§à§ä §£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §â§Ö§Ò§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Þ§Ú§â §á§â§Ú§ã§Ý§å§ê§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ü §Ú§ç §Ú§Õ§Ö§ñ§Þ §Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ.

20 §ß§à§ñ§Ò§â§ñ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ó§à§Ö §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§à§Ó§à§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à §Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§Þ §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Þ. §¡ §é§ä§à §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§ä§Ö §Ó§í?

, §Ü§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§â§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§í §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§î §Ó §ß§Ú§ç §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö.

 

 

Children play in a slum in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

§£ §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §£§ä§à§â§à§Û §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ó §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §å§Ø§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ. §¥§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§à§Û §à§ã§ä§â§à§Û §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û? §Ò§í§Ý§à §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§à §ß§à§Ó§à§Ö §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö ¨C . §³§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §À§¯§ª§³§¦§¶ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Ó 190 §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §Ú §ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ§ç, §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §å§ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§í§Þ §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ñ§Þ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û.

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illustration of people with clock, calendar, to-do list and decorations

§®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Õ§ß§Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Ó§à§Õ§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Û §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ, §Ó§í§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §à§Ù§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ó§à§Ý§Ú §Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§à§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §³§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Õ§ß§Ö§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §ß§à §°§°§¯ §Ó§à§ã§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§à§ë§ß§í§Û §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à §ä§Ö§ç §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§ç. §µ§Ù§ß§Ñ§ä§î §à §Õ§ß§ñ§ç §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î.