51³Ô¹Ï

§²§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ñ§ê §Þ§Ú§â

§²§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§Ö§è §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ ¡ª §à§ä §à§Ô§ß§Ö§ã§ä§â§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ú§ß, §à§ä §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §Ò§à§Þ§Ò §Õ§à §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú §Ò§Ú§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ. §¿§ä§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §Þ§Ú§â §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§Ö§Ö. §³§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §ã§Þ§ñ§Ô§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü §å§Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö§Ó §ä§â§Ñ§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ô§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û.

§³ §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Þ§Ö§â§í §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§à§Ý§ñ §ß§Ñ§Õ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú. §£ 1946 §Ô§à§Õ§å §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Û §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Û §â§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§Ö§Û §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú §°§°§¯ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§ß§à§Û §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ö§Û.

§¬ §ã§à§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §Þ§Ú§â §á§à-§á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §ß§Ñ§Ó§à§Õ§ß§Ö§ß §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ö§Þ. §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Þ §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §â§Ñ§ã§ç§à§Õ§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ó 2023 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù §ä§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý 2,4 §ä§â§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §Õ§à§Ý§Ý§Ñ§â§à§Ó, §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú, §é§ä§à §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ§Þ. §¯§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ñ §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ö§Þ §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü §Õ§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó, §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ñ §ï§Þ§Ò§Ñ§â§Ô§à §ß§Ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ü§Ú §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ §Ú §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ §á§â§Ñ§Ó §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ.

§£ 2021 §Ô§à§Õ§å §ã§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ö §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ý§Ö§Ô§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§Ô§ß§Ö§ã§ä§â§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ö, §å§ß§Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú , §ä§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ö §Þ§Ú§ß§å§ä§í §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §ß§Ú§ç §á§à§Ô§Ú§Ò§Ñ§Ý §à§Õ§Ú§ß §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü. §£ 70 §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §Ú §ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ§ç §ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§Ý§í§Þ §Ú §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 110 §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ú§ß §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ó§Ù§â§í§Ó§ß§í§ç §å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó. §¡ §Ó §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Ô§Ö§à§á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú 12 500 §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§è §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ, §ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à§ã§ñ §á§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§å §Þ§Ú§â§å, §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß §ç§à§Ý§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í.

, §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Ó§Ú§Õ§í §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §ð§â§Ú§ã§Õ§Ú§Ü§è§Ú§Ú. §¬ §Ú§ç §é§Ú§ã§Ý§å §à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §¥§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â §à §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ §Ú . §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §ã §ä§Ö§ç §á§à§â §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó 1990-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ , §Ò§í§Ý§à §å§ß§Ú§é§ä§à§Ø§Ö§ß§à §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö . §±§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ú§Ù§Ò§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §à§ä §Þ§Ú§ß §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 30 §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß. §·§à§ä§ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§Ö §Ö§ë§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ä§î, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ê§Ñ§Ô§Ú §ß§Ñ §á§å§ä§Ú §Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð.

 

§²§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Ô§à, §ß§à §Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Ô§à §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ?.

§¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î §°§°§¯ §¡§ß§ä§à§ß§Ú§å §¤§å§ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ê ()

 

Nuclear test in Licorne, French Polynesia in 1970. Credit: CTBTO
 

§³§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 12 000 §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§è §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §ï§Ü§Ù§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §å§Ô§â§à§Ù§å §Õ§Ý§ñ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §µ§Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö §à §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ö §ñ§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §Ó §ï§ä§à§Û §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ß§Ñ §á§â§à§ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §Ý§Ö§ä.

Two Nigerian peackeepers await an inspection of their base.
 

§³ §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §à §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó§à§á§Ö§ç§à§ä§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ú§ß §Ú §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §³§Ý§å§Ø§Ò§í §°§°§¯ §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §ã §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ, §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 25 §Ý§Ö§ä. §³ §ä§Ö§ç §á§à§â §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§à §à§Ò§Ö§Ù§Ó§â§Ö§Ø§Ö§ß§í §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§í §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ú§ß, §ß§à §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö §ã §ä§Ö§Þ §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ú §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í. §¯§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ§ê§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§ñ§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§í §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 60 §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §Ú §ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Û.

 

 

§£§Ù§â§í§Ó§ß§à§Ö §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ö §Ó §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§å§ß§Ü§ä§Ñ§ç §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §à§ë§å§ë§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ö§ë§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ. §À§¯§ª§³§¦§¶ §à§Ò§ì§ñ§ã§ß§ñ§Ö§ä, §á§à§é§Ö§Þ§å §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §å§ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Þ§í.

 

§³§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ö §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ö, §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§Ô§ß§Ö§ã§ä§â§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö, §Ö§Ø§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§ß§à §å§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 700 §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü, §é§ä§à §ï§Ü§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§ä§ß§à §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ö §Þ§Ú§ß§å§ä§í. §¤§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §°§°§¯ §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ú §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò§ß§à§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §à§â§å§Ø§Ú§ñ.