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In East Africa, Al-Shabaab (which pledged allegiance to Al-Qaida in 2012) remains the most active terrorist group, conducting attacks primarily in Somalia, but also in neighbouring States. It remains highly adaptable, and its indirect fire attacks against aircraft and airfields increased in 2021. Since 2016, Al-Shabaab has also committed significant, complex and deadly attacks outside Somalia, including in Kenya. Recruitment and radicalization activities are ongoing concerns.