51吃瓜

In a fancy Manhattan hotel in New York, women in colorful traditional African gowns make their way to one of the conference rooms. Their outfits provide a fascinating contrast to the grey and black business suits surrounding them. The crowd is diverse, but is gathered because of one thing: shea butter that comes from an African nut and is used in cosmetics as a lotion or moisturizer.听

The Shea Butter Trade Industry held its first-ever conference in North America in May 2013. The occasion was an opportunity for African producers to mix with cosmetics industry giants such as L鈥橭r茅al and the Body Shop. The demand for shea butter has risen so much in recent years that African producers have started calling for fair prices for their labour.

Shea butter comes from the nuts of karit茅 trees that grow in the Sahel region extending from West to East Africa, from Guinea and Senegal to Uganda and South Sudan. For centuries shea butter has been called 鈥渨omen鈥檚 gold鈥� not only for its rich golden color (although shea butter can also sport a deep ivory hue, depending on the region) but also because it primarily provides employment and income to millions of women across the continent. Using traditional methods, women, often organized in cooperatives, harvest karit茅 fruits. They then crush the nuts inside to extract the precious butter, which is boiled, cleaned, packaged and sold at the local markets or exported. Shea butter is non-toxic and edible, and can be used in cooking. But it is mostly used for cosmetic purposes.听

The UN Development Programme (UNDP) estimates that an average of three million African women work directly or indirectly with shea butter. The top shea nut鈥損roducing countries are Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, C么te d鈥橧voire, Benin and Togo.听

Making good money

鈥淚 have been making good money for my family selling shea butter,鈥� Lucette Ndogo, a well-known shea butter vendor at the March茅 Central in Douala, Cameroon, said in an interview with Africa Renewal. She purchases the shea butter in bulk from Burkina Faso and sells it for a profit to clients who have come to trust the quality of her products.听

Antoine Turpin of IOI Loders Croklaan, a global producer of edible oils, told The New York Times that 鈥渟hea [butter] is an important source of revenue to millions of women and their families across Africa. Empowering these women economically is crucial to the industry鈥檚 sustainability.鈥� The New York Times says Turpin鈥檚 company alone purchases an estimated 25% of all shea nuts picked by women in West Africa.听

With the demand for natural and organic products rising in the Western world, shea butter has become a hot commodity. The precious substance is used for many different types of cosmetics and skin care products because of its natural healing properties; people prefer it to the harsh chemicals, artificial colors and fillers often used in conventional cosmetics.听

Shea butter is also used in food听products such as chocolates. Confect-ioners use it as a cocoa butter equivalent to give chocolates a higher melting point and a smoother texture. The butter is used in popular chocolate bars such as Kit Kat and Milky Way.听

鈥淲omen鈥檚 gold鈥�

According to The New York Times, a survey conducted in a village in Burkina Faso by USAID in 2010 found that for every $1,000 of shea nuts sold, an additional $1,580 in economic activities, such as reinvesting the money in other trades, was generated in the village. Shea butter exports from West Africa garner between $90 million and $200 million a year, according to the newspaper. The demand comes not only from major corporations but also from millions of entrepreneurs who hope to make a fortune in the distribution of this 鈥渨omen鈥檚 gold.鈥澨�

With high demand come ethical issues, which often arise with products originating from the developing world, including Africa. Because of shea鈥檚 newfound popularity, the number of shea fair trade cooperatives and associations seeking a fair deal for African women has increased.听

Fair prices for commodities

Fair trade is an organized social movement dating from the 1980s that promotes better trading conditions between producers from developing countries and buyers in the developed world. Proponents also seek to raise consumer awareness, believing that an educated consumer may be willing to pay more for goods if the producer gets a fair deal.

In order to receive fair prices for their products, commodity producers have to maintain certain levels of environmental and labor standards recommended by fair trade certification organizations such as Fairtrade International, World Fair Trade Organization, Faire Trade USA and Fair Trade Federation, to name a few.听

The fair trade model appears to offer an improvement on the conventional trade model. Paying market prices for the commodity guarantees a minimum price to the producers. The industries usually associated with fair trade are coffee, cocoa, bananas, flowers, gold and other exotic products. Shea butter was not one of the most sought-after African commodities until recently.听

Harriet Lamb of the Fairtrade Foundation says, 鈥淔air trade addresses the injustices of conventional trade, which too often leave the poorest, weakest producers earning less than it costs them to grow their crops. It鈥檚 a bit like a national minimum wage for global trade. Not perfect, not a magic wand, not a panacea for all the problems of poverty, but a step in the right direction.鈥�

No clear evidence

Philip Booth from the Institute of Economic Affairs, a British think tank, sees things differently. He argues that 鈥渘o clear evidence has been produced to suggest that farmers themselves actually receive higher prices under fair trade. Fair trade may do some good in some circumstances, but it does not deserve the unique status it claims for itself.鈥�

Cosmetics retailers often portray fair trade shea butter as an exotic, traditional, authentic and ethical product encouraging female solidarity. The butter is produced by women in Africa and consumed mainly by Europeans and North Americans in search of 鈥渆thical鈥� products. Because of the high number of companies and small entrepreneurs claiming to use fair trade shea butter in their products, it can be difficult to separate marketing strategy from real engagement.

L鈥橭ccitane en Provence, a French multinational cosmetics firm famous worldwide for its luxury products based on natural ingredients, prides itself on its use of fair trade shea butter in products including hand, body and foot creams. Indeed, for the company鈥檚 activities in Burkina Faso, its business model was recognized by UNDP in 2013 as one of the 12 most innovative and inclusive in Africa.听

Platform to exchange ideas

A UNDP report titled L鈥橭ccitane au Burkina Faso: More than Just Business with Shea Butter Producers, highlights the company鈥檚 dedication, its collaboration with 15,000 rural women producers and its use of shea butter in its products. According to the report, L鈥橭ccitane estimates that it pays 20% to 30% more for shea butter from Burkina Faso than it would for shea butter from Western industries. Sales of shea butter to L鈥橭ccitane represent about $1.23 million in revenues yearly for the supplier cooperatives and their 15,000 rural women members.听

In order for more African women in the shea industry to reap the benefits of fair trade, the Global Shea Alliance, an association that promotes quality and sustainability in the shea butter industry鈥檚 support for rural African communities and women鈥檚 empowerment, organized the New York Shea Butter Trade Industry Conference. With the first New York fair trade event, the Alliance sought to provide a platform for exchanging ideas across the supply chain of collectors, producers, traders, industrial users and consumers of shea butter.

鈥淭he Body Shop has used shea for over 19 years and we are firmly committed to using our learning to build a sustainable shea sector,鈥� said Mark Davis, the company鈥檚 director of community fair trade. 鈥淏eing a member of the Global Shea Alliance is critical to achieving that goal.鈥�

Other global commodities, such as coffee, have become associated with fair trade, and many stakeholders in the shea industry aspire to create that association for their product. Salima Makama, the Global Shea Alliance鈥檚 president, is convinced that the African women who came to New York to implement better strategies to empower themselves are well on their way to turning the shea butter export into 鈥渞eal gold.鈥�鈥�