51吃瓜

The recent outbreak of the Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone has exposed the underbelly of many of Africa鈥檚 healthcare systems. They are often poorly funded, severely neglected and in some cases virtually nonexistent. The disease鈥檚 virulence has overwhelmed health systems that even before Ebola lacked basic equipment and facilities, medical staff and supporting infrastructure.听

Ebola has shaken and awakened decision-makers in a way that malaria, tuberculosis and other epidemic diseases that claim millions of lives in Africa each year have failed to do, with the possible exception of HIV/AIDS.

As fate would have it, the epicenter of the virus is in countries that are among the world鈥檚 poorest, although in 2013 Sierra Leone and Liberia ranked second and sixth among the top 10 countries with the highest economic growth rates in the world, according to The Brookings Institution, a US think tank. As reported by The New York Times, 鈥淭he disintegration of the health care systems in the affected countries is already having a profound impact on the populations鈥� health beyond Ebola, as clinics close or become overwhelmed or nonfunctional.鈥� To exacerbate the situation, these health systems, including the general infrastructure, were wrecked by internal conflicts and civil wars to the point where they now struggle to provide basic health care to citizens.听

A wake-up call

Although the years of conflicts in West Africa are still being felt, this does not solely explain the devastation brought by the Ebola virus. Gra莽a Machel, the widow of former South African President Nelson Mandela, said the Ebola outbreak should be a wake-up call for African leaders. 鈥淓bola has exposed the extreme weaknesses of our institutions as governments, countries which are affected were found totally unprepared,鈥� she told African business leaders in November 2014 at a听meeting in South Africa.听

The prognosis for the affected countries, which now include Mali, is even more dire. In an editorial in The New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Jeremy J. Farrar of the Wellcome Trust, a charity that funds research in health, and Dr. Peter Piot of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, who helped discover the Ebola virus in 1976, write: 鈥淲est Africa will see much more suffering and many more deaths during childbirth and from malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, enteric and respiratory illnesses, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and mental health during and after the Ebola epidemic.鈥� They warn of 鈥渁 very real danger of a complete breakdown in civic society, as desperate communities understandably lose faith in the established systems,鈥� adding that 鈥渨ithout a more effective, all-out effort, Ebola could become endemic in West Africa, which could, in turn, become a reservoir for the virus鈥檚 spread to other parts of Africa and beyond.鈥�

Back in 2001, African health ministers signed on to the Abuja Declaration pledging to allocate at least 15% of their national budgets towards improving their health systems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a decade after the declaration was signed, 27 countries had increased the proportion of their total government expenditures allocated to health, but only Rwanda and South Africa had achieved the 15% target. More depressingly, seven countries had actually reduced their health budget over the same period, and 12 had not made any progress. A different scorecard developed by the Africa Health, Human & Social Development Information Services听(Afri-Dev.Info), a research coalition, showed that by 2010, the top five countries who had met the target were Rwanda (23.3%), Malawi (18.5%), Zambia (16%), Burkina Faso (15.7)听and Togo (15.4%).听

In 2013, Africa had an estimated deficit of 1.8 million health workers. Perhaps not surprising is the state of the health systems in the affected countries. According to听Afri-Dev.Info, in 2014, with a population of 4.2 million, Liberia had only 51 doctors, 269 pharmacists, 978 nurses and midwives, while Sierra Leone, with 6 million people, had 136 doctors, 114 pharmacists and 1,017 nurses and midwives.听

Slow global response

Regrettably, Ebola struck at countries whose health systems were already on their knees. This has not stopped analysts from acknowledging that the response to the outbreak was indeed weak. Politico, a US publication, wrote: 鈥淭he response to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa will never be remembered as an example of good leadership. Not by the governments of the countries involved, not by other nations, and not by the international health organization that says it鈥檚 there to deal with听public health emergencies.鈥澨�

True, the world was found wanting in its response to the Ebola epidemic, but it has been the World Health Organization, the main UN health arm, that has borne the brunt of the criticism. It was faulted for taking too long to declare the outbreak an international emergency. Indeed, it was not until August that it declared Ebola an emergency, and by that time the disease was already ravaging the affected areas. 鈥淗indsight is always better,鈥� said Dr. Margaret Chan, the head of WHO. 鈥淎ll the agencies I talked to 鈥� including the governments 鈥� all of us underestimated this unprecedented, unusual outbreak.鈥澨�

To be fair, WHO has suffered from severe funding cuts in recent years. Its two-year budget for 2014-2015 is about $4 billion, having been cut by $1 billion in 2011, according to reports. This has crippled its effectiveness in handling global health emergencies. The New York Times reported that WHO鈥檚 鈥渙utbreak and emergency response units have been slashed, veterans who led previous fights against Ebola and other diseases have left, and scores of positions have been eliminated 鈥� precisely the kind of people and efforts that might have helped blunt the outbreak in West Africa before it ballooned into the worst Ebola epidemic ever recorded.鈥� Notwithstanding, global health experts say that even if WHO had had better funding, it is neither an emergency-response network nor a direct provider of health care services, but a technical agency that provides听advice and support.听

The affected countries too have to shoulder some of the criticism. They waited until it was too late to request international aid. When governments are reluctant to ask for help, Sophie Delaunay, the executive director of Doctors Without Borders, told Politico, 鈥渢hey become responsible when the situation deteriorates.鈥� There are, however, reasons why countries are not quick to request help or try to suppress bad news. In many cases these have to do with national pride and the fear of scaring away tourists and investors. And these fears are not unfounded. African tourism has borne the brunt of the Ebola fear factor. Francisco Ferreira, the World Bank鈥檚 chief economist for Africa, said the Ebola 鈥渇ear factor鈥� prevents tourists from visiting even countries such as Kenya and South Africa where there had been no cases of the virus.

Stigmatization

In addition to the economic, social and political impact of Ebola is the stigma attached to it. Nigeria鈥檚 finance minister, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, cautioned against lumping all African countries together to avoid hurting the economies of non-Ebola countries. 鈥淚f you scare away investors by lumping the continent into one big mass, what good does it do? It will take another decade to recover.鈥澨�

Politicians around the world have sounded the same warning, worried that Ebola was creating a contagion effect on African economies. 鈥淲e have to isolate the disease, not the countries affected,鈥� said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.听

Vaccines and profits

The absence of any drugs or vaccines against the scourge of Ebola has been the main source of fear among the public. According to Time, a US weekly magazine, the scarcity of drugs and vaccines is not due to a lack of innovation. 鈥淒rugs have been in development for years, but since pharmaceutical companies have had no financial incentive to fund them, researchers have hit walls.鈥澨�

Dr. Chan makes the same point, adding that the drug industry鈥檚 drive for profit was one of the reasons there has been no cure yet for Ebola. 鈥淎 profit-driven industry does not invest in products for markets that cannot pay,鈥� she told delegates at a conference in Cotonou, Benin. Testing on healthy volunteers in the US and some African countries has started on experimental vaccines and results are expected during the听first quarter of 2015.听

The time will come when the decision-makers will take stock of the state of healthcare systems in many African countries, how the outbreak unravelled and the effectiveness of the global response. Nevertheless, even as the epidemic is stabilizing in some parts of the affected countries, it鈥檚 spreading in others, especially Sierra Leone, and to a lesser extent Mali. 鈥淣ow is no time to let down our guard,鈥� warned the UN Secretary-General. 鈥淎 gap anywhere in the response leaves space for the virus to spread disease, kill people, destroy families and threaten the world鈥�We must keep fighting the fire until听the last ember is out.鈥� 鈥�