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UN remains in post-war Sierra Leone

Although the UN鈥檚 six-year peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone was formally concluded at the end of 2005, the international organization is setting up a new office to help coordinate its on-going efforts to help consolidate the country鈥檚 fragile peace. At the turn of the year, the UN Integrated Office for Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) took over the reins from the UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL). Its mandate will be to cement UNAMSIL鈥檚 gains by helping the government strengthen human rights, improve transparency, assist the next round of elections in 2007 and achieve the Millennium Development Goals.

Peacekeepers helped Sierra Leone get its children back to school.

Photograph: UNAMSIL / Kemal Saiki

When UNAMSIL started operations in 1999, its prospects appeared uncertain. A tentative peace agreement was in place between the government and rebel factions, designed to end a civil war that began eight years earlier, but the rebels resumed armed actions in 2000. UNAMSIL soon helped get the peace process back on track, however, and by 2002 had succeeded in disarming and demobilizing more than 75,000 ex-fighters, including child soldiers. That same year, the mission also helped organize successful presidential and parliamentary elections.

UNAMSIL assisted the voluntary return of more than half a million refugees and displaced people, helped the government restore essential social services, rebuilt schools and health clinics and was instrumental in establishing the Special Court for Sierra Leone, which is trying those responsible for war crimes. The court will continue to operate, and one of the duties of the new UNIOSIL will be to work with other UN missions in West Africa to provide the court with continuing security.

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Legislators call for end to harmful practice

Declaring that female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C), is 鈥渉armful, irreversible, and sometimes fatal,鈥� parliamentarians from 20 African countries plus the UK have pledged to step up efforts to eliminate the practice. A 4鈥�5 December conference in Dakar, sponsored by Senegal鈥檚 National Assembly and the African Parliamentary Union, emphasized education, rather than criminal penalties, in shaping a 鈥渕ultidisciplinary鈥� response to the tradition. 鈥淭he abandonment of FGM/C,鈥� the final declaration noted, 鈥渃an be achieved only as a result of a comprehensive movement鈥� involving the entire society.

The parliamentarians stressed that 鈥渢here is no religious justification鈥� for FGM/C. They also emphasized that traditional beliefs, while important, must adapt. 鈥淐ulture is not immutable,鈥� the group asserted, and 鈥渃hanges when the dangers of harmful practices are understood.鈥� For this reason, the legislators called on traditional and religious leaders, educators, doctors and elected officials to lead the campaign. Legislation can be important symbolically and as an educational tool, the declaration noted, and should be drawn up in conjunction with traditional and civil society leaders. Although genital cutting is performed on 3 million African girls annually, the conference asserted that the practice could be eradicated within a single generation.

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Africa lags in global culture market

Africa accounts for less than 1 per cent of global trade in cultural products such as books, compact discs, video games and sculptures, reports the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). And the continent has not shown any progress in capturing a larger share of the market over the last decade, notes a report released in December, International Flows of Selected Cultural Goods and Services, 1994鈥�2003.

Overall, international trade in cultural goods increased from $38 bn to $60 bn annually between 1994 and 2002, reports UNESCO. Just three countries 鈥� the UK, US and China 鈥� produced 40 per cent of the world鈥檚 cultural trade products in 2002.

While globalization provides openings for countries to share their cultures and creative talents, 鈥渋t is clear that not all nations are able to take advantage of this opportunity,鈥� said UNESCO Director-General Ko茂chiro Matsuura. 鈥淲ithout support to help these countries participate in this trade, their cultural voices will remain marginalized and isolated.鈥�