51吃瓜

In the perennial war between governments and the media over what the public should know, few battles have been fought as stubbornly as the one between the late Nigerian military ruler, Gen. Sani Abacha, and the 鈥済uerrilla journalists鈥� of Tell magazine. The popular newsweekly earned the general鈥檚 ire by criticizing his 1993 coup and reporting too closely on his administration鈥檚 inner workings. In response, the government shuttered the magazine鈥檚 offices and jailed a senior editor.

At the time, it was an all-too-familiar setback for the press in Africa, where governments frequently reacted to unfavourable news by shooting, jailing or banning the messenger.

In the case of Tell, however, the messengers fought back. Rather than fold its tent, the magazine went underground, operating from clandestine 鈥渂ush offices鈥� around the country. It kept one step ahead of the police and managed to continue publishing. Tell鈥檚 remarkable story ended happily with the restoration of democracy in 1999 and the magazine鈥檚 triumphant return to its offices.

Newspaper vendor in Nigeria: With the spread of democracy, the climate for press freedoms has improved.

Photograph: Associated Press / George Osodi

Across Africa, such conflicts are being repeated less frequently. The expansion of democratic practices, greater domestic and international support for human rights and the emergence of a vigorous and independent civil society have combined to improve the media climate.

Yet in Africa, as elsewhere across the globe, problems remain. 鈥淔or doing their indispensable work, many journalists are persecuted, attacked, imprisoned and murdered,鈥� UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan declared on 3 May, World Press Freedom Day. 鈥淲e salute the courage and dedication of journalists struggling against risk and outright brutality to exercise their right to seek and tell the truth.鈥�

In general, says Ms. Zoe Titus, a press freedom monitor for the non-governmental Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), 鈥淭he situation of the press in most of Africa has improved to a degree, at least in terms of arbitrary attacks and detentions of journalists and closures of publications and radio stations.鈥�

Fewer attacks, greater independence

The US-based Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) reported that in 2004, the deadliest year for journalists in a decade, 鈥渇ewer journalists were killed or imprisoned in Africa than in some other regions.鈥� Two journalists lost their lives in Africa that year, another was missing and feared dead and 19 others spent long periods in jail. Globally, the toll stood at 56 killed, 19 missing and 124 imprisoned for extended periods.

Reports reaching MISA indicate that what the CPJ has described as 鈥渢he remarkable gains of recent years鈥� for press freedom in Africa are continuing, albeit slowly and unevenly. The year 2001 remains the only one on record when no media worker was killed on the job in Africa. Journalists, broadcasters and publishers are still targeted for less severe forms of harassment 鈥� from assaults and brief jailings to threats of criminal prosecution and civil lawsuits for offences such as insulting the president or damaging state interests. Advertising boycotts and other forms of financial pressure have also been applied.

鈥淭he situation of the press in most of Africa has improved to a degree, at least in terms of arbitrary attacks and detentions of journalists and closures of publications and radio stations.鈥�

鈥� Ms. Zoe Titus, Media Institute of Southern Africa

Despite such problems, progress has resulted from 鈥渢he new democratic dispensations鈥� of the past decade, Ms. Titus told Africa Renewal. In South Africa and some other countries, 鈥渢ransitions to democracy were followed by major reforms of the legislation restricting freedom of expression and the free press.鈥� Elsewhere, governments have reduced the worst forms of censorship, but keep repressive laws on the statute books.

Media diversity and independence have also improved. On a continent where state monopolies of print and broadcast media were once common, private and community-owned radio stations and newspapers proliferate (see page 4). Technological advances, such as the arrival of the Internet, satellite telecommunications and inexpensive broadcasting and printing equipment, have given citizens access to a greater range of views.

Stronger human rights institutions

The emergence of new and more effective regional institutions, including the African Union (AU) and its development plan, the New Partnership for Africa鈥檚 Development (NEPAD), have also improved the press climate.

Although freedoms of expression and of the press are now recognized as preconditions for democracy and development, those rights are insufficiently protected in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1986 African Charter for Human and Peoples鈥� Rights. While both charters assert a human right to receive and disseminate information, there is no explicit mention of freedom of the press. To Ms. Titus, this is not surprising in manifestos drafted by and for governments. 鈥淕overnments are not going to be very vocal in terms of freedom of expression.鈥�

To overcome these deficiencies, African journalists and broadcasters met in Windhoek, Namibia, in April 1991 under the auspices of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to adopt a declaration calling for 鈥渢he establishment, maintenance and fostering of an independent, pluralistic and free press鈥� and 鈥渢he end of monopolies of any kind.鈥�

African initiatives

The Windhoek declaration was followed by a decade of advocacy, protests and organizing throughout the continent. Professional associations and watchdog groups now include MISA, the West African Journalists Association (with chapters in 16 countries) and the East African Journalists Association, among others.

In 2002, African journalists, with the support of many of Africa鈥檚 new democracies, made a significant advance with the adoption by the African Commission on Human and People鈥檚 Rights of the 鈥淏anjul Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa.鈥� The declaration, which is legally binding on signatories to the new African Court of Justice, gives statutory force to freedoms of expression and of the press.

Coverage of Ghana鈥檚 December 2004 elections: A pluralistic media helps keep citizens better informed.

Photograph: Associated Press / George Osodi

Cameroonian journalist Pius Njawe notes that 鈥渢he creation of regional infrastructures to deal with press freedom issues 鈥� is helping to establish democracy in Africa. African journalists continue to garner public support at home and abroad.鈥�

Freedom of the press is also enshrined in NEPAD鈥檚 Declaration on Democracy, which commits African governments to 鈥渆nsure responsible freedom of expression, inclusive of freedom of the press.鈥� Media freedom and diversity are among the standards considered by NEPAD鈥檚 peer review mechanism in assessing a country鈥檚 commitment to human rights and good governance.

鈥淚t is a major feat for the African media that the AU and the African Commission have adopted the Banjul Declaration,鈥� says Ms. Titus. 鈥淚t has opened up a new arena for advocacy and enforcement. And it is the initiative of African journalists and governments themselves.鈥� MISA is among the parties to the first media freedom case brought before the African Court 鈥� a challenge to Zimbabwe鈥檚 closure of several independent newspapers under the recent Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act.

Responsibility and solidarity

Ms. Titus calls on the UN and the international community to develop a stronger partnership with African media activists and to provide more political and technical support. She adds that certain kinds of external pressures on African governments have sometimes been counterproductive, as in the Western preoccupation with Zimbabwe, which has not only been at cross-purposes with local media campaigns, but has also served to divert attention from violations of media rights in other countries.

Where the international community can be most helpful, she suggests, is in improving the professionalism of the African media through increased training and professional exchanges.

The media鈥檚 lack of capacity, Ms. Titus, concludes, is itself a threat to freedom in Africa. She notes that some media outlets were deeply involved in instigating the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and that similar media abuses have occurred in other countries. 鈥淲e accept that the media too has duties and obligations, and that some preconditions for the media must be met. But we remind governments that they must help create those conditions. It is no good to withhold information and then complain about bad reporting. I think more and more governments appreciate that.鈥�