51吃瓜

For someone with advanced technical know-how and a devious mind, a piece of chalk or some flour or starch can be shaped into a tablet or pill. With the naked eye, it鈥檚 almost impossible to tell it鈥檚 a copycat. Labelling and packaging are often imitated to perfection. The global counterfeit drug trade, a billion-dollar industry, is thriving in Africa. The markets are flooded with fake and poor-quality drugs, making a trip to the pharmacy seem like a game of Russian roulette. If you pick the wrong box, it could literally mean your death.

About 100,000 deaths a year in Africa are linked to the counterfeit drug trade, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The British think-tank, International Policy Network, estimates that globally, 700,000 deaths a year are caused by fake malaria and tuberculosis drugs鈥攃omparing the death toll to the equivalent of 鈥渇our fully laden jumbo jets crashing everyday.鈥�

The WHO defines counterfeit medicine as 鈥渙ne which is deliberately and fraudulently mislabelled with respect to identity and/or source.鈥� Both branded and generic products are faked. In some parts of Africa, Asia and Latin America, more than 30% of the medicines on sale can be fake, notes the organization.听

The detection of fakes has become more difficult over the years, notes a 2012 study published by the Lancet, because of 鈥渃ounterfeiters鈥� increased ability to reproduce holograms and other sophisticated printing techniques.鈥� Some even add active ingredients that pass quality test controls but don鈥檛 provide any benefit to the user.

Roger Bate, an economist specialising in international health policies, believes that substandard drugs鈥攖he result of poor manufacturing or 鈥渄eliberate corner-cutting鈥濃�攁re a much bigger health problem than fake medicines. 鈥淥ff-the-shelf drugs made by Chinese and to a lesser extent, Indian manufacturers tend to perform inconsistently on quality tests,鈥� he claims in an article for the US-based think tank American Enterprise Institute (AEI).

Bate also blames 鈥渂ad鈥� drugs for the rise in drug-resistant strains of diseases like tuberculosis. For his most recent study, published in the International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, over 700 samples of two main first-line anti-tuberculosis medicines were picked randomly for testing from private sector pharmacies. The study found that overall, 9.1% of sample drugs worldwide tested failed basic quality control tests. The failure rate in Africa was 16.6%, about one in every six pills.听

Meanwhile, Ashifi Gogo, the chief听executive officer of Sproxil, a brand prot-ection company for emerging markets, argues that 鈥渋t isn鈥檛 just a problem of counterfeit medicines produced in the East and shipped over to Africa.鈥� Speaking to AllAfrica.com, a news portal, he suggested that the rise of African manufacturers is also contributing to the problem of substandard medicines in the markets.听

Crime against humanity

The proliferation of fake, falsified and substandard drugs has had tragic consequences. 鈥淐ounterfeiting is more than a criminal act,鈥� writes Professor Pierre Ambroise-Thomas, the WHO expert on malaria and tropical parasitic diseases, in the Mediterranean Journal of Haematology and Infectious Diseases. 鈥淢anslaughter is perfectly justified to describe such an act although some prefer calling it simply murder.鈥�

Unfortunately, the penalties for the crime are not strong enough to deter criminals, lead researchers Gaurvika Nayyar and Joel Breman emphasize in a June 2012 report on poor-quality drugs published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases. For example, a 2009 raid in Uganda, conducted by Interpol and the WHO-supported group IMPACT (International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce), discovered five tonnes of fake drugs in the central and eastern districts of the country.听

In an AEI report, The Deadly World of Fake Drugs, Fred Kiyaga, who at the time was head of Interpol Uganda, said only five people were convicted and each was fined just $520. Nayyar and Breman strongly advocate that the 鈥減roduction and distribution of counterfeit anti-malarial drugs should be prosecuted as crimes against humanity.鈥�

Weak regulations and drug licensing

A major sweep across 16 seaports on the east and west coasts of Africa last July allowed the World Customs Organization, an intergovernmental organization that advises customs administrations worldwide, to seize more than 82 million doses of illicit medicines estimated to be worth over $40 million. The fake drugs found during the raid included cough syrup, anti-parasitic and anti-malarial drugs, antibiotics and even contraceptives.听

However, the raid also exposed the Achilles鈥� heel of African government agencies in charge of licensing and regulating drugs. Lack of training, insufficient manpower and corruption often plague national regulatory agencies.听

Furthermore, government inspectors frequently accept bribes and kick-backs to allow the fake drugs to pass borders.听

The WHO is helping countries develop the expertise needed to regulate drugs. Drug registration, also called marketing authorization or product licensing, is a thorough evaluation to ensure a drug is safe for consumption.听

Manufacturing, storage and distribution must also follow strict guidelines. Without registration, the drugs cannot be marketed.听

To fast-track registration, the WHO encourages national regulatory authorities to choose medicines from its list of pre-qualified products. But it鈥檚 up to the individual countries to decide to register a product or not.听

Seloi Mogatle, Botswana鈥檚 principal pharmacist in drugs registration, told the WHO she appreciates 鈥渢he opportunity to use the agency鈥檚 work without losing national autonomy.鈥� But for Bate, AEI鈥檚 resident scholar, it鈥檚 not enough. He told business and technology journalist Eric Palmer in the publication FiercePharma Manufacturing that 鈥渃ompanies making drugs for WHO programs in Africa are manufacturing substandard products.鈥� To remedy that, he recommends that 鈥淲HO institute a three鈥搒trikes-and-you-are-out rule鈥� for companies making low-quality drugs.

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High drug prices

Another major weakness of the regulatory agencies is their inability to close what Olike Chinwendu, in her thesis, 鈥淭he Fight Against Fake Drugs by NAFDAC in Nigeria,鈥� calls the 鈥渃haotic drug market.鈥� This includes unlicensed drug vendors鈥攎ost of them street, kiosk or open-market vendors.听

Dora Akunyili, former director of NAFDAC (National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control), spent eight years trying to cripple the counterfeit industry in Nigeria. Having lost her sister to fake insulin, she saw it as more than a job. She fired corrupt officials, blacklisted over 30 manufacturers and led raids against open-air drug markets. Between 2001 and 2005, the proportion of fake drugs for sale went from 40% to 16.7%. The counterfeit industry viciously fought back, burning the agency鈥檚 labs, attempting to kidnap her son and nearly killing her. Her convoy was shot at and a bullet grazed her temple.听

But 鈥渟eizing, destroying and penalizing violators鈥� did not root out the fake drug trade, according to Chinwendu. She touts strategies used by Tanzania and Ghana to train, license and regulate illegal drug vendors rather than shut them out.听

The cost of medicines is a determining factor for African consumers, since most pay for their medications out of pocket. Products sold in licensed pharmacies remain out of reach for many. A joint study by the WHO and Health Action International found that 鈥渄uties, taxes, mark-ups, distribution costs and dispensing fees are often high, regularly constituting between 30% to 40% of retail prices, but occasionally up to 80% or more of the total.鈥澨�

People will continue to patronize drug outlets like open drug markets for first-line treatments, observes Chinwendu, because they鈥檙e cheaper.

SMS-protected drugs

While educating consumers has been crucial in fighting counterfeit medicines, regional coordination has also been an effective tool. Nigeria and Cameroon recently signed a cooperation agreement, promising to share experiences and technical expertise for the war against fake drugs.听

In West Africa, health and law enforcement officials, together with the WHO and Interpol, have been running multi-country operations aimed at disrupting transnational fake drugs criminal networks. Their latest operation in 2011, called Cobra, resulted in the seizure of 170 tonnes of counterfeit and illicit medical products.

China, a global manufacturer of generic drugs and the maker of the award-winning anti-malarial drug, artemisinin, has also joined the fight. According to the Xinhua News Agency, China is installing 鈥渞ecognition and tracing technology on its drugs,鈥� and anti-counterfeit labels are sealed on each drug package. Chinese pharmaceutical companies are also strengthening cooperation with African governments and drug distributors to trace imported drugs.听

New technology is also revolutionizing the fight against counterfeits in Africa. TruScan is a handheld spectrometer being used at airports and border posts to analyze the chemical composition of drugs, helping to spot 鈥渂ad drugs鈥� in seconds.

In addition, simple and free text messages are being used to check the authenticity of drugs. Start-ups like mPedigree Network and Sproxil have designed systems that allow legitimate drug manufacturers to label their packages with an encrypted code. Consumers simply scratch off the label on the package and text the code for free to the company that maintains the system. The response, sent by text, is instant, informing the consumer whether the drug is real.听

Countries like Ghana, Nigeria and Kenya have integrated mobile telephony鈥揵ased consumer verification into their safety regulations. The system is also being replicated in Asia. The brilliance of the service is听that it allows consumers to protect themselves, giving them the power. But more importantly, the low-tech innovation is helping restore the public鈥檚 trust in the health sector.鈥�