51吃瓜

Collecting firewood in Ethiopia: Shifts in climate contribute to extreme weather, with some countries facing more drought. Photograph: Peter Arnold Inc. / Ton Koene

When African representatives travel to Copenhagen in early December for crucial international talks on climate change, they will strive to speak in unison. 鈥淔or the first time in history,鈥� says Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, 鈥淎frica will field a single negotiating team empowered to negotiate on behalf of all member states of the African Union鈥�. Africa鈥檚 interest and position will not be muffled.鈥�

At a late August meeting of African leaders that chose Mr. Meles to head the delegation, many expressed a growing sense of urgency over the mounting evidence that climate change is already affecting the lives of millions. Extreme weather, which scientists regard as a sign of climate change, has been especially dramatic in recent months, with parts of East Africa ravaged by severe drought and several nations in West Africa hit by torrential downpours and devastating floods.

鈥淭his is the time for Africa to aggressively engage鈥� in the negotiations on climate change, Jean Ping, chairperson of the African Union Commission, told the summit. 鈥淎frica鈥檚 development aspirations are at stake unless urgent steps are taken to address the problem of climate change.鈥�

According to World Bank projections released in mid-September, Africans鈥� annual per capita consumption may decline by as much as 4鈥�5 per cent as shifting climate disrupts local economies. By 2030 some 90 million more people in Africa will be exposed to malaria, as conditions become more favourable for the mosquitoes that carry the disease. By 2080, as much as 9鈥�20 per cent of Africa鈥檚 arable land could become much less suitable for farming.

African governments have long been aware of such trends. Many were early signers of the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which set limits on pollution emissions. But as an analysis presented to the African Union summit in August noted, Africa鈥檚 previous negotiating efforts were marked by 鈥渄ismal coordination鈥� and the absence of 鈥渧isible continent-wide political leadership.鈥�

Speaking at a 22 September UN General Assembly summit on climate change, Rwandan President Paul Kagame observed that one reason some African governments 鈥渕ore or less stood on the periphery鈥� of the global debate was an attitude that 鈥渃limate change is an industrial problem, born in the West and destined to be solved by these very nations.鈥� That standpoint must be abandoned, he argued, since climate change affects everyone, and all nations must act.

According to Ibrahim Assane Mayaki, the chief executive officer of the Secretariat of the New Partnership for Africa鈥檚 Development (NEPAD), the African Union鈥檚 development programme, African countries are increasingly coming together, whether at international talks on the global economic crisis or on issues of climate change. 鈥淚n Copenhagen, Africa will have a single voice,鈥� he told Africa Renewal. 鈥淲e鈥檒l have a unique coordinator for the Africa Group. We鈥檒l have a unique negotiating strategy.鈥�

Elements of Africa鈥檚 position have already been presented in the lead-up to the Copenhagen meeting, which many hope will result in a new agreement for limiting greenhouse gas emissions following the expiration of the Kyoto Protocol in 2012.

A number of Africa鈥檚 concerns involve 鈥渁daptation鈥� 鈥� ways to help countries cope with threatened coastal areas, changes in rainfall and other effects of climate shifts. To adequately support such efforts, the African Union estimates that developing countries overall will need $67 bn annually by 2020.

On 鈥渕itigation鈥� 鈥� reducing emissions of greenhouse gases 鈥� Africa expects that the industrial and industrializing countries that produce the vast bulk of such gases will agree to drastically reduce their output. African countries will themselves pledge to shift to cleaner production methods, but to do so they need new technology, more money and other help. In addition, Prime Minister Meles told a joint Africa-donor forum in Ethiopia in early September, 鈥淲e want to keep our forests intact.鈥�

Although the forum was an ideal encounter for asking donors to give more, Africa鈥檚 lead climate negotiator emphasized global action ahead of financing. 鈥淥ur interest is not to claim compensation for climate change and its damages,鈥� Mr. Meles explained. 鈥淥ur interest is to prevent that from happening.鈥�