? ? ? ? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ”?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????“ (2004). ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ”?????“. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????: ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? (???????? ????? 2015? ?????? 17 ?? ???? ?????????). ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? 16 ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? (???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? 000 2 ????). ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? - ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? 100 ????? ???? - ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? (????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? 2010).
???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? (?????? ??????? ???????? 2016). ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????(1) ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.
???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????/????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (???????) ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????-????????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????.
???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? (???? ???????? 1985? ???????2000? ???????? 1966? ??????? 323 ??? 333 ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? 1999? ?????? 1965). ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? (???????? 1985? ?????? 8 ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? 1972). ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? (???? ?????? 2000? ??????????2000? ???????? ????? 2010). ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????:
???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? (?? ???????? ????? ???????) ???? ????? ????? ???????? - ?????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????
???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????
???? ?? ??? ????? ?????
???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????
???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????.
???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????.
???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? - ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? - ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????-???????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????:
???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????
???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????
???????????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??. ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? (????? ??????) ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? - ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????.
???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????(2)? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? - ????? ?????? ??????.
???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ”??????? ??????“ (The New Harvest) ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ”??????? ???????? ?????????“? ??????? ?? ”????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????“. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? - ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? - ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????.
???????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????
???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? (????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????) ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? - ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? - ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????.
???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????.
???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????.
? ? ? ??
???????????????? ????????
? -??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????.
? -??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ”?????? ??? ???“? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? 2000? ????? 2011? ????? ?????? ???????? 2016. ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ”?????? ??? ?????“? ???? ??? ??????? 2000? ????? ???????? 2007? ????? ?????? ???????? 2013? ????? 2011.
?
???????????????? ???????
?lvares, Francisco (1966). Ityop’ya Portugezocc indayyuwat (1520–1526 EC). Translated into Amharic by Girma Beshah. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Histo?ricos Ultramarinos. For English translation, see Alvares, Francisco (1961, first ed. 1540). The Peter John of the Indies. A True Relation of the Lands of the Prester John, being the Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520. Translated by Lord Stanley of Alderley (1881). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (for Hakluyt Society).
Cherenet Mamo, Zegeye (2010). The portrait of an isolated nation: Abyssinia, Ethiopia. In Cities of Change: Addis Ababa. Transformation Strategies for Urban Territories in the 21st Century. Marc M. Angélil and Dirk Hebel, eds. Basel and Boston: Birkh?user, pp. 32–39.
Cherenet Mamo, Zegeye (2015). Designing the ‘informal’: spatial design strategies for the emerging urbanization around water bodies in Ethiopia. PhD thesis. HafenCity University, Hamburg. Available from .
Collier, Paul, and Anthony J. Venables (2007). Rethinking trade preferences: how Africa can diversify its exports. The World Economy, vol. 30, No. 8 (July), pp. 1326–1345.
Crummey, Donald (2000). Land and Society in the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: From the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
Fay, Marianne, and Charlotte Opal (2000). Urbanization without growth: a not-so-uncommon phenomenon. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2412. The World Bank. Available from: .
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) (2010). Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP): 2010/11-2014/15. Addis Ababa.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, National Planning Commission (NPC) (2016). Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTP II): 2015/16 – 2019/20, vol. I. Main Text. Addis Ababa.
Fox, Sean (2011). Understanding the origins and pace of Africa’s urban transition. Crisis States Research Centre Working Paper, No. 89, Series 2. LSE DESTIN Development Studies Institute. Available from:
research/crisisStates/download/wp/wpSeries2/wp892.pdf.
Garretson, Peter P. (2000). A History of Addis Ab?ba from Its Foundation in 1886 to 1910. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Gollin, Douglas, Rémi Jedwab and Dietrich Vollrath (2013). Urbanization with and without structural transformation. February. George Washington University and World Bank. Available from .
Gollin, Douglas, Rémi Jedwab and Dietrich Vollrath (2016). Urbanization with and without industrialization. Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 21, No. 1 (March), pp. 35–70.
Juma, Calestous (2011). The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kebede, Messay (1999). Survival and Modernization: Ethiopia’s Enigmatic Present. A Philosophical Discourse. Lawrenceville, New Jersey: The Red Sea Press, Inc.
Levine, Donald Nathan (1965). Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopian Culture. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Lipsky, George A. (1962). Ethiopia: Its people, Its society, Its culture. New Haven: HRAF Press.
Mbembé, Achille, and Sarah Nuttall (2004). Writing the World from an African Metropolis. Public Culture, vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 347–72.
Pankhurst, Richard (1982). History of Ethiopian Towns: From the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Pankhurst, Richard (1985). History of Ethiopian Towns: From the Mid-nineteenth Century to 1935. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
Tafla, Bairu (2000). The father of rivers: the Nile in Ethiopian literature. In The Nile: Histories, Cultures, Myths, Haggai Erlich and Israel Gershoni, eds. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 153–170.
World Bank (2009). World Development Report (2009): Reshaping Economic Geography . Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. Available from
EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/0,,c...
Woldemariam, Mesfin (1972). An Introductory Geography of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Berhanena Selam H.S.I. Printing Press.
Woldemariam, Mesfin (1985). Ethiopia: Changes in dietary behaviour and food security. 51吃瓜 Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Woldemariam, Mesfin (1991). Suffering under God's Environment: A Vertical Study of the Predicament of Peasants in North-Central Ethiopia. Bern: African Mountains Association and Geographica Bernensia.
?
?
?
????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
