51³Ô¹Ï

§°§ä §â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ. §³§á§å§ã§ä§ñ §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ß§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§î §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ú COVID-19 §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §¡§ß§ä§à§ß§Ú§å §¤§å§ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ê §á§â§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ñ§Ý §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§ä§î, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §Ú §Õ§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ü§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ó §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ö §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û §á§à §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ó§Ú§â§å§ã§Ñ.

?§¯§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä §Ó§í§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§à§Ó, §â§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ú §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ§à§é§Ú§ñ §á§à §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ð §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û?, ¨C §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý §à§ß. ?§¤§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö §á§â§à§Û§ä§Ú §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §ï§ä§å §á§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§ð, §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§Ö§Ö §Ó§í§Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§Ö§ä§î §Ú §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§î §Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§Ö §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç?.

§³ §ä§Ö§ç §á§à§â §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ò§å §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §Ü§â§Ñ§Ö §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§í §ã §Ó§Ú§â§å§ã§à§Þ, §Ò§å§Õ§î §ä§à §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ó§â§Ñ§é§Ö§Û, §ã§Ú§Õ§Ö§Ý§à§Ü, §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§à§Û, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§ä§à§ñ§ä§î §å §â§å§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú§Ý§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â. §£ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Ó§Ñ§ê§Ö§Þ§å §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§Ö §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü, §á§â§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ú §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Õ-§â §±§Ñ§Õ§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú §®§å§â§ä§Ú §à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä §ä§Ö§Þ§å ?§­§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ó §á§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Ú §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ?. §¿§ä§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§â§Ñ§Û§ß§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö §ä§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Þ§í §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ó§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§î §á§ñ§ä§å§ð §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó§ë§Ú§ß§å §±§Ö§Ü§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §á§à §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß.

§£§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö

§£ §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §ã§Ö§Þ§Ö§Û §Ú §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö, §ä§à §Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§í §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §ß§Ö§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à, §Ú §Ó §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ú§ã§è§Ú§á§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç, §Ó §â§å§Ü§Ñ§ç §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß. ?§¬ §ã§à§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §Ù§Ñ§é§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ð §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ã §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§â§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û, §à§ß§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ý§Ú§ê§Ö§ß§í §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §â§Ñ§ã§Ü§â§í§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Û §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô. §³§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Þ§í §á§â§Ú§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§Ñ§Ö§Þ§ã§ñ §Ü §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ XXI §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §Ú §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Ö §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§à §Ú§Þ§ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ñ §å§ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §é§â§Ö§Ù§Ó§í§é§Ñ§Û§ß§à §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ú§ä§î §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §è§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ (§¸§µ§²) 3 ¨C ?§°§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Ú §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§ð §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ó §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Þ §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö? §Ú §¸§µ§² 5 ¨C ?§¥§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ú §Õ§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ö§Ü?.

§´§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ö§Ö §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ý

§£§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §ß§Ö§ã§å§ä §ß§Ö§ã§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à §ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§Ý§à§Ö §Ò§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ù§ß§Ö§Û, §Ú §Ú§Þ §Ô§â§à§Ù§Ú§ä §á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§î §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §ß§Ö§ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§Ú; §ï§ä§Ú §ß§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§ñ§ç §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§Þ §å§ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ñ§Þ §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ. §£ §ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ö §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§à§á§Ú§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Õ§Ú§ã§á§â§à§á§à§â§è§Ú§Û §ß§Ö §å§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à, §é§ä§à §Ó §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ü§à§ã: §ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ã§ä§à §à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ä §Þ§å§Ø§é§Ú§ß§í. §¬§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Þ§Ö§â§í §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Ú §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß, §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Ó §â§Ö§Õ§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§ñ§ç §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ §ã§ä§à§Ý§à§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó.

§£§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §á§à§é§ä§Ú §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§í§ç §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ú §Õ§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ö§Ü §å§Þ§Ú§â§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §à§ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã §Ò§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ú §â§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §ä§Ú§á§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ñ§Ü §ê§Ö§Û§Ü§Ú §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ü§Ú §Ú §Þ§à§Ý§à§é§ß§à§Û §Ø§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ù§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§â§Ú §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ö§Þ §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ó §ä§Ö§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á §Ü §ã§Ü§â§Ú§ß§Ú§ß§Ô§à§Ó§à§Þ§å §à§Ò§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §á§â§à§æ§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §å§ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ñ§Þ¹. §±§Ý§Ñ§é§Ö§Ó§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ò§ì§ñ§ã§ß§Ú§ä§î §à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ú§ç §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ï§ê§Ö§Ý§à§ß§Ñ§ç §Ú §ä§Ö§Þ §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §Ø§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §ß§Ö §å§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§ß§à§Ö §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö. §¬§â§à§Þ§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§ß§Ö§Ò§â§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ð §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ü§â§à§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û§ã§ñ §Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§â§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð, §Ù§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ü §ä§à§Þ§å §Ø§Ö §å§ã§å§Ô§å§Ò§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ß§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú².

§µ§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§â§í§Ó§Ñ §Ó §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à §á§à §ã§Ö§Ò§Ö §ß§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ú§ä §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ø§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ, §à§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §ï§ä§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Þ §ê§Ñ§Ô§à§Þ §Ó§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ. §¬§Ñ§Ü §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í-§Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§í §ã §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Û §Ó§Ö§â§à§ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð, §é§Ö§Þ §Ú§ç §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ô§Ú-§Þ§å§Ø§é§Ú§ß§í, §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§å §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§à§Ó, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Õ§à§â§à§Õ§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §å§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú §Ó§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.

§²§à§Ý§î §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß-§Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§à§Ó §Ó §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§à§Ó §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ç §á§â§Ñ§Ó §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û

§³§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §ß§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§Þ§å §à§ä§é§Ö§ä§å, §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §³§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§à§Û ?§°§°§¯-§Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í? §Ó §Ú§ð§Ý§Ö 2019 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, ?§á§à §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ð §ß§Ñ §æ§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§Ý§î 2019 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ö§Ó §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ú §Ý§Ú§ê§î 24,3 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ, §é§ä§à §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§Þ §â§à§ã§ä§à§Þ §á§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã 11,3 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Ó 1995 §Ô§à§Õ§å?³. §ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ß§à §à§ä§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§ä§î §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§ç §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§í§ç §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§ç, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Ó §á§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§ç. §´§Ñ§Ü, §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ, §ã§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §®§Ö§Ø§á§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §ã§à§ð§Ù§à§Þ §Ó §à§Ü§ä§ñ§Ò§â§Ö 2019 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ó §á§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ö §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä 61,3 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Ó §²§å§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö, 53,2 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §¬§å§Ò§Ö §Ú 53,1 §á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Ó §¢§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ú§Ú⁴.

§¬§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §ß§Ñ §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§ç §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§ç §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Þ, §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ó §Ú§ß§Õ§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ç §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Ó §²§å§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö. §³§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ §á§â§à§Õ§Ö§Þ§à§ß§ã§ä§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã §Ó §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §£ 2012 §Ô§à§Õ§å §²§å§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ §å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§à §á§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ü §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §á§à §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Þ§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú⁵.

§¡ §Ó§à§ä §Ö§ë§Ö §à§Õ§Ú§ß §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â. §£ §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §³§à§ß§ñ §¢§ç§Ñ§Ý§à§ä§â§Ñ §Ú §ª§â§Þ§Ñ §¬§Ý§à§ä§ã-§¶§Ú§Ô§å§Ö§â§Ñ§ã §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã §à §ä§à§Þ, §Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§ð§ä §Ý§Ú §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í-§á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ó §ª§ß§Õ§Ú§Ú §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ú§Ó§í§ç §Ú §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§í§ç §å§ã§Ý§å§Ô §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §á§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã §Ú§ç §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ú-§Þ§å§Ø§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §¡§Ó§ä§à§â§í §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ú§ê§Ý§Ú §Ü §Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ§å, §é§ä§à §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í, §Ú§Ù§Ò§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §ä§Ö §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ð§ä §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§ç §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §Ú§Ù§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û, §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§í §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §à§ß§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä, §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §ª§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§é§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§Õ§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß-§á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Ó, §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ù§Ñ §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§í, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §á§Ú§ä§î§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§Ö §Ú §ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ú, §á§à§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §ï§ä§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§ñ§Þ§à, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Ü§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ú §Ú§ç §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§ð. §¬§â§à§Þ§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §à§ß§Ú §à§ä§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ú§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §Õ§à§â§à§Õ§à§Ó§í§Þ §Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§â§à§Õ§à§Ó§í§Þ §å§ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ñ§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§ç⁶.

§²§à§Ý§î §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß-§Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§à§Ó §Ó §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ó §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö §á§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ

§¨§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í, §ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §Ü§â§Ñ§Ö §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§í §Ù§Ñ §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§Ö §Ú §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö.

§£ 1998 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ô-§Ø§Ñ §¤§â§å §·§Ñ§â§Ý§Ö§Þ §¢§â§å§ß§Õ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ß, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ú§Û §á§â§Ö§Þ§î§Ö§â-§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â §¯§à§â§Ó§Ö§Ô§Ú§Ú, §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Û §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§à§Û, §ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§à§Û §£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Û §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ (§£§°§©). §°§ß§Ñ §Ó§à§Ù§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ñ §Õ§Ó§Ö §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Ö §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: ?§°§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Þ §Ó§ã§á§ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ñ§Ý§ñ§â§Ú§ð? §Ú ?§ª§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ §á§à §à§ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §à§ä §ä§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§Ü§Ñ?. §³ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ 2000-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ ?§°§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Þ §Ó§ã§á§ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ñ§Ý§ñ§â§Ú§ð? §Ù§Ñ§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§å §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §Ú§Ù§Ò§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §à§ä §Þ§Ñ§Ý§ñ§â§Ú§Ú. §±§à§Õ §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Õ-§â§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ§â§Ö§ä §¹§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Õ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Ó§ã§Ö§à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ñ §å§ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §£ 2008 §Ô§à§Õ§å §£§°§© §Ú §Ö§Ö §á§Ñ§â§ä§ß§Ö§â§í §Ú§Ù §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Ó §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ ¨C §¤§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ú§ß§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §é§Ö§Þ§å §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Ö §Ý§Ö§Ü§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§Þ§í§Þ§Ú §á§à §è§Ö§ß§Ö §Ú, §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à, §Ó§ã§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ⁷.

§¥§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í-§Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§í §Ó §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß, §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §â§Ö§á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Ú §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ú, ¨C §ï§ä§à §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§í §¶§à§ß§Õ§Ñ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§à§ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ (§À§¯§¶§±§¡) §Õ-§â §¯§Ñ§æ§Ú§ã §³§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ü §Ú §Õ-§â §´§à§â§Ñ§Û§ñ §°§Ò§Ö§Û§Õ⁸, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§í§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â §Õ-§â §¯§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ñ §¬§Ñ§ß§Ö§Þ.

§¤-§Ø§Ñ §¬§ï§â§à§Ý §¢§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ô-§Ø§Ñ §¿§ß§ß §®. §£§Ö§ß§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ß §Ú §Ô-§Ø§Ñ §¤§Ö§ß§â§Ú§Ö§ä§ä§Ñ §·. §¶§à§â, §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Ó §¥§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §æ§à§ß§Õ§Ñ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û (§À§¯§ª§³§¦§¶), §ã§í§Ô§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ö §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó §Ú §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ §á§à §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ú §Ó §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§Ñ§â§ä§ß§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§ñ§ç §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§â§Ñ§Ó §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §Õ§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ö§Ü-§á§à§Õ§â§à§ã§ä§Ü§à§Ó.

§¥-§â §®§Ú§ê§Ö§Ý§î §¢§Ñ§é§Ö§Ý§Ö§ä §Ú §Ô-§Ø§Ñ §¶§å§Þ§Ù§Ú§Ý§Ö §®§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ò§à-§¯§Ô§é§å§Ü§Ñ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Ó §³§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ §Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ó §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß (?§°§°§¯-§Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í?) §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §Ü§â§Ñ§Ö §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §á§à §á§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ.

§¨§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í-§Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§í, §Õ§à§Ò§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß ¨C §Ó §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Þ §Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Þ

§¿§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ö§ä §¢§Ý§ï§Ü§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ý

§¿§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ö§ä §¢§Ý§ï§Ü§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ý §â§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §¬§à§â§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Û §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§à§Û, §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§å§ð §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§î §Ó §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §º§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ç. §£ 1857 §Ô§à§Õ§å §à§ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §¯§î§ð-§«§à§â§Ü§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ý§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â§Ö§ä §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ú §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û⁹.

?§¡§ß§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§Ò§Ñ§Û §¤§à§á§Ñ§Ý§â§Ñ§à §¥§Ø§à§ê§Ú

§¡§ß§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§Ò§Ñ§Û §¤§à§á§Ñ§Ý§â§Ñ§à §¥§Ø§à§ê§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§ç §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß-§Ó§â§Ñ§é§Ö§Û §Ó §ª§ß§Õ§Ú§Ú, §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §º§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ç. §°§ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ö§Ý§Ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§â§Ö§á§ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ö§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§ð §Þ§Ö§é§ä§å ¨C §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§â§Ñ§é§à§Þ. §³§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §¡§ß§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§Ò§Ñ§Û §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§è§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§ä§Ü§â§í§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§í§ç §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ó §ª§ß§Õ§Ú§Ú §á§å§ä§î §Ü §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ß§í¹⁰.

§¿§Ý§Ö§à§ß§à§â§Ñ §²§å§Ù§Ó§Ö§Ý§î§ä

§´§â§Ú§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §º§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Ó §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §å§Ó§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß-§Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§à§Ó §Ú §á§à§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ö §Ú§Ü§à§ß§à§Û §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú. §¿§Ý§Ö§à§ß§à§â§Ñ §²§å§Ù§Ó§Ö§Ý§î§ä §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ù§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ñ§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ú §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó. §°§ß§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§à§ã§ä §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §á§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Þ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Ú §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§å§ë§Ö§Û §ã§Ú§Ý§à§Û §£§ã§Ö§à§Ò§ë§Ö§Û §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ¹¹.

§®§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß§Õ§Ñ §¤§Ö§Û§ä§ã

§®§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß§Õ§Ñ §¤§Ö§Û§ä§ã §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§à§å§é§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §¶§à§ß§Õ§Ñ §¢§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ §Ú §®§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß§Õ§í §¤§Ö§Û§ä§ã §Ú §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§í§Þ §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§à§Þ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§â§Ñ§Ó §Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ú §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ú§ç §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ, §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ö§Ö §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û. §£ 2012 §Ô§à§Õ§å §à§ß§Ñ §á§à§Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ 560 §Þ§Ý§ß §Õ§à§Ý§Ý. §³§º§¡ §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß, §Ø§Ú§Ó§å§ë§Ú§ç §Ó §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §ã §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ú §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö§Þ §Õ§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ¹².

§©§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö

§³ §Õ§â§Ö§Ó§ß§Ú§ç §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ã §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ó§í§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Þ §ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ù§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§î §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§ð §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î §Ú §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§ß§Ú§ç. ?§©§Ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ñ §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ, §à§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à, §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §Õ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ó§Ú§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§à§Ó, §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ó §Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó. §±§à§Þ§Ú§Þ§à §ä§Ö§ç, §à §Ü§à§Þ §å§á§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Ó§í§ê§Ö, §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ú §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §å§ã§á§Ö§ç§à§Ó §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§Ö §ã §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§â§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û, §á§â§Ö§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§Ò§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú. §³§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §ß§Ú§ç §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Ý§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §®§Ñ§â§Ú§ñ §¬§ð§â§Ú, §­§Ö§Û§Þ§Ñ §¤§Ò§à§Ó§Ú, §®§Ñ§ä§î §´§Ö§â§Ö§Ù§Ñ, §²§à§Ù§Ñ §±§Ñ§â§Ü§ã, §¡§Õ§Ñ §­§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§Û§ã, §²§à§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§Õ §¶§â§Ñ§ß§Ü§Ý§Ú§ß, §¶§Ý§à§â§Ö§ß§ã §¯§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö§Û§Ý, §£§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§â§Ú §®§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ú, §¤§Ý§à§â§Ú§ñ §³§ä§Ñ§Û§ß§Ö§Þ §Ú §®§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §À§ã§Ñ§æ§Ù§Ñ§Û. §£§ã§Ö §ï§ä§Ú §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §Ó§ß§Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §Ò§Ö§ã§è§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ó§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ §Ó §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û §Ú §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú §á§à§é§Ó§å §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ß§í§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§ç §Ú §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ú§ç §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß-§Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§à§Ó.

§±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ
?
¹Rafael Lozano and others, "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010",?The Lancet, vol. 380, No. 9859 (December?2012), pp. 2095¨C128.?

²Karen A. Gr¨¦pin and Jeni Klugman, "
§¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å:?.

³51³Ô¹Ï Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, "Facts and figures: Leadership and political participation". June 2019. §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å:?.

⁴Inter-Parliamentary Union, "Women in National Parliaments". 1 October 2019. §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å:?.

⁵Rwanda, Ministry of Health and others,?Success Factors for Women's and Children's Health: Rwanda?(Geneva, World Health Organization, 2015), p. 7. §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å: .

⁶Jennifer A. Downs and others, "Increasing women in leadership in global health",?Academic Medicine, vol. 89, No. 8 (August 2014), p. 1103. §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å: at?; Sonia Bhalotra and Irma Clots-Figueras,?"Health and the political agency of women",??(Bonn, December 2011), p. 3. §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å: ?.

⁷World Health Organization, "Former Directors-General".? (2020). §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å: .

⁸51³Ô¹Ï Population Fund (UNFPA), ¡°Previous Executive Directors¡±. §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å: ??(§á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§ñ§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: 23 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 2020 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ).

⁹Debra Michals, Ed., ¡°Elizabeth Blackwell¡±, National Women¡¯s History Museum. (Alexandria, VA, 2015).? §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å: ?.

¹⁰History of Scientific Women, ¡°Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi¡±. §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å:??(§á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§ñ§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: 23 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 2020 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ).

¹¹Betty Boyd Caroli, ¡°Eleanor Roosevelt¡±, in?Encyclopedia Britannica. §ª§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ:??(§á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§ñ§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: 23 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 2020 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ).

¹²Mae Merriweather, ¡°Melinda Gates: Increasing Global Philanthropy Through Leadership¡±. Richtopia. §¥§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §á§à §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã§å: ?(§á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§ñ§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: 23 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 2020 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ).