27.01.2023

§®§Ö§Þ§à§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §è§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§à§ß§Ú§ñ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ó §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î §à §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó§Ñ§ç §·§à§Ý§à§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ñ §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ö §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§ß§ñ §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó §·§à§Ý§à§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ñ. §¿§ä§à §ä§à§â§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §Þ§Ö§â§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§Ö§ä §à§é§Ö§ß§î §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î: §à§ß§à §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ö§ß§à§è§Ú§Õ§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §£ §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ô§à§Õ§å §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ §á§â§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú ?§·§à§Ý§à§Ü§à§ã§ä §Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û? §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §á§à§ã§Ó§ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ §à §ä§à§Þ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó§í §á§Ö§â§Ö§à§ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ú §ã§Ó§à§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à ?§Õ§à§Þ§Ö? §Ú ?§á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú?. §¿§ä§à§ä §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã §á§â§Ú§à§Ò§â§Ö§Ý §à§ã§à§Ò§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 100?§Þ§Ý§ß?§Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ò§Ö§Ø§Ö§ß§è§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §Á §å§Õ§à§ã§ä§à§Ö§ß§Ñ §é§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ã§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ö§Ø§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §®§Ö§Þ§à§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §è§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§à§ß§Ú§Ú 27 §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ 2023 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.

§±§à §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §£§ä§à§â§à§Û §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í §®§Ñ§â§Ú§ñ §¿§Ý§ã§ß§Ö§â, §Ö§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ä§î §Ú §ã§Ö§ã§ä§â§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ü§à§é§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ó §á§à§Ö§Ù§Õ, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §Ú§Ù §º§ä§â§Ñ§ã§ã§ç§à§æ§Ñ (§¡§Ó§ã§ä§â§Ú§ñ), §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ú§ç §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§å§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ç, §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Û §â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ô§à§â§à§Õ §Ó §£§Ö§ß§Ô§â§Ú§Ú. §°§ß§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §å§Ó§Ö§â§Ö§ß§í, §é§ä§à §Ô-§ß §¿§Ý§ã§ß§Ö§â §Ó§í§Ø§Ú§Ý. ?§´§Ñ§Þ §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ß§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §à§ä§è§Ñ, §ß§à §Ó§Ö§ã§î §Õ§à§Þ §Ò§í§Ý §Ñ§Ò§ã§à§Ý§ð§ä§ß§à §á§å§ã§ä?, ¡ª §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ö§ä §®§Ñ§â§Ú§ñ. ?§¯§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §ß§Ú§é§Ö§Ô§à ¡ª §ß§Ú §Ü§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú, §ß§Ú §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ñ, §ß§Ú §ã§ä§å§Ý§Ñ¡­ §´§Ñ§Ü §Þ§í §Ó§Ö§â§ß§å§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Õ§à§Þ§à§Û¡­ §®§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ§ç §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú. §®§í §Þ§Ö§é§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §à §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à, §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§ã§î §Õ§à§Þ§Ñ, §Þ§í §Ó§Ö§â§ß§Ö§Þ§ã§ñ §Ü §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Û §á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú. §¯§à §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §ß§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ý§à¡­ §ª §å §ß§Ñ§ã §ß§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §ß§Ú§é§Ö§Ô§à?1.

§¬§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §·§à§Ý§à§Ü§à§ã§ä? §£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ú §ß§Ö §ä§Ö§â§ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ß§Ñ §ä§à, §é§ä§à §Ú§ç §ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ú §Ó§à§ã§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§ã§ñ. §°§ß§Ú §Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§Ù §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §´§â§Ö§ä§î§Ö§Ô§à §â§Ö§Û§ç§Ñ §Ò§å§Õ§å§ä §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §ã§ä§Ñ§â§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§í §Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§ä §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §¬§Ñ§Ü §Ó§í§ñ§ã§ß§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î, §à§ß§Ú §à§ê§Ú§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î. §ª§ç §Þ§Ö§é§ä§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§í. §ª§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î; §á§â§à§ã§ä§à §à§ß§Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§å§ð §æ§à§â§Þ§å.

§®§Ñ§â§Ú§ñ §¿§Ý§ã§ß§Ö§â §Ó§Ö§â§ß§å§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó §à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó§à§ã§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã §à§ä§è§à§Þ. §¬ §ä§à§Þ§å §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §­§Ö§ß§Ñ §¥§Ø§Ö§Õ§Ó§Ñ§Ò, §â§à§Õ§Ú§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ§ã§ñ §Ó §¢§Ö§Ý§à§ã§ä§à§Ü§Ö, §Ó§Ö§â§ß§å§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó §â§à§Õ§ß§å§ð §±§à§Ý§î§ê§å, §à§ß§Ñ §å§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §ß§Ñ §ï§ä§à. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §ã§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §à§Ü§Ü§å§á§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ö§Ö §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó 1939 §Ô§à§Õ§å §à§ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Ó §Ü§à§Þ§ã§à§Þ§à§Ý. §£ §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §³§à§ð§Ù §Ó §Ú§ð§ß§Ö 1941 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §à§ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ó§à§Ø§Ñ§ä§à§Û §Ó §Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ö§Þ §á§Ú§à§ß§Ö§â§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§Ö, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ò§í§Ý §ï§Ó§Ñ§Ü§å§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ó §µ§Õ§Þ§å§â§ä§ã§Ü§å§ð §¡§Ó§ä§à§ß§à§Þ§ß§å§ð §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§å§ð §²§Ö§ã§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§å. §£ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Þ §Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§ß§Ú§Ü§Ö §à§ß§Ñ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §é§ä§à §Ö§Ö §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î §á§â§à§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ñ ?§Ó §Ò§Ö§ã§Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ú §ä§à§ã§Ü§Ö §á§à §Õ§à§Þ§å?. ?§®§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ý§Ú §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Õ§à§Þ§à§Þ §Ü§à§Û§Ü§Ñ §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä§Ú§Ú?? ¡ª §â§à§á§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §à§ß§Ñ. ?§¯§Ö§ä! §®§à§Û §Õ§à§Þ §ä§Ñ§Þ, §á§à §Õ§â§å§Ô§å§ð §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§å §æ§â§à§ß§ä§Ñ, §Ó §¢§Ö§Ý§à§ã§ä§à§Ü§Ö!?2

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1Maria Ember, oral history conducted by author, Paris, 28 and 31 May 1987.

2Lena Jedwab Rozenberg,?Girl with Two Landscapes: The Wartime Diary of Lena Jedwab, 1941-1945?(New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 2002).

3Ibid.

4Ibid.

5Letter from Hanna-Ruth Klopstock to Elisabeth Luz, 24 August 1954, collection author. [Letter # 368b]

6Letter from Hanna-Ruth Klopstock to Elisabeth Luz, 7 December 1954, collection author. [Letter # 370]

7C.L. Lang, ¡°Second Start in France,¡± in Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain, ed.,?Dispersion and Resettlement: The Story of the Jews from Central Europe?(London: Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain, 1955).

8Werner Rosenstock, ¡°Between the Continents,¡± in?Dispersion and Resettlement.

9Mari¨¢nka May-Zadikow, oral history conducted by author, New Paltz, N.Y., 8-9 November 2000.

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