51³Ô¹Ï

§¥§Ý§ñ §ä§Ö§ç, §Ü§à§Þ§å §á§à §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§å §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ò§í §Ó§í§á§Ñ§Ý§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§×§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, ?§Þ§Ú§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ? §à§ã§ä§Ñ§×§ä§ã§ñ §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Ó §ã §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§í§Þ §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§à§Þ. §³§à§Ù§í§Ó ?§Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú? §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ó§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§×§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß §Ú §ã§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§à§é§Ú§ä§î §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¨C §Ó §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ö §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ñ §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§Û§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ú §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ§å §Õ§à§Ó§Ö§â§ñ§ð§ä §Ó§ã§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó ?¨C §ã §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Ó §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ, §ã §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í, §Ú §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ä§î §é§×§ä§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§â§à§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û, §ã §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û. §¬§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §â§Ö§é§î §Ù§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §à ?§Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú?, §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ó§Ú§Õ§å §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý§à §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ó §ä§à §Ø§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ, §é§ä§à §Ú §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§ç §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú. §ª §Ó§ã§× §Ø§Ö, §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ó§å§ç§ã§à§ä§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§ð§ð §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó§ë§Ú§ß§å §£§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§ß§Ú§ä§î, §é§ä§à §Ú §Õ§à §ß§Ö§Ô§à ?§Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à? §á§â§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§à §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ä§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§Ñ. §¢§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§í §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Ü §Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ý§å§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §ß§Ñ§á§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Þ§å §Ó§í§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §¶§â§Ú§Õ§â§Ú§ç§Ñ §æ§à§ß §¤§Ö§ß§è§Ñ, §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Û §â§å§Ü§Ú §Ú §ã§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ü§ß§ñ§Ù§ñ §¬§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ã§Ñ §æ§à§ß §®§Ö§ä§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ú§ç§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý, §é§ä§à §¬§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã 1815 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, ?§Ò§í§Ý §Ò§Ö§ã§á§â§Ö§è§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§ß§í§Þ §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú?.¹ §£ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ö §¤§Ö§ß§è §á§â§à§Ú§Ô§ß§à§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ó §Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ§ç-§Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§ç §ï§á§à§ç§Ú §£§à§Ù§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§í.²

§´§²§ª §´§ª§±§¡ §¬§°§¯§¶§¦§²§¦§¯§¸§ª§°§¯§¯§°§« §¥§ª§±§­§°§®§¡§´§ª§ª

§³§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §ä§â§Ú §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û ¨C §Þ§Ú§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ù§å §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ, §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§æ§â§à§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ð. §£ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ §á§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø§ã§Ü§å§ð §Þ§Ú§â§ß§å§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ð 1919 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §°§ã§ß§Ñ§Ò§â§ð§Ü§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ú §®§ð§ß§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§í, §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ò§í§Ý §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß §£§Ö§ã§ä§æ§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§Ú§â §Ó 1648 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú ?§¨§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§Ñ-1? §Ú ?§¨§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§Ñ-2?, §ã§à§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §å§Ø§Ö §Ó §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ã §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§Ö§è §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§Ö §Ó §³§Ú§â§Ú§Ú. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ß§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §æ§à§â§å§Þ, §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §à§Ò§ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§â§à§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ó§Ö§Õ§å§ä§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§í, §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ.

§°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Û §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §á§à §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ó§ã§Ö§à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ù§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö, §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§à §Ü§â§Ñ§Û§ß§Ö§Û §Þ§Ö§â§Ö §á§à§á§í§ä§Ü§Ñ §ã§ß§Ú§Ù§Ú§ä§î §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§à§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§â§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §¯§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ä§Ú§á§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §±§Ö§â§Ó§å§ð §¤§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§ã§Ü§å§ð §¬§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ð 1899 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú §£§ä§à§â§å§ð §¤§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§ã§Ü§å§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ð 1907 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§í §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §ã§ä§Ñ§â§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §é§Ö§ä§Ü§à §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§ä§î §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö jus ad bellum (§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö jus in bello) §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ä§î §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§à§Ü §Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ñ§â§Ò§Ú§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß. §£ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§à§Þ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §æ§à§â§å§Þ§à§Ó §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§ä§î §²§Ú§Þ§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §å§Ô§à§Ý§à§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§å§Õ§Ñ, §Ó §Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§ä §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §Ó§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü §ã§å§Õ§å §Ú §Ó§í§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó §Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§Ó§Ú§ß§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ó §Ô§Ö§ß§à§è§Ú§Õ§Ö, §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç, §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à §à§ä §ä§à§Ô§à, §Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ §à§ß§Ú §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ.

§±§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§ñ§ñ §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§î §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç ?§Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û?, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §Ó 1960 §Ô§à§Õ§í §Ú §ã §ä§Ö§ç §á§à§â §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§ã§× §é§Ñ§ë§Ö §Ú §é§Ñ§ë§Ö, §ß§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §ä§à, §é§ä§à §á§à§â§à§Û §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §æ§à§â§å§Þ§à§Ó §à§ã§ä§Ñ§×§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Õ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§à§Þ.³?§±§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §ç§à§ä§î §Ú §Ü§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à, §ß§à §Ó§ã§× §Ø§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §¯§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §ä§à, §é§ä§à §ï§ä§Ú §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ú §á§â§Ö§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ä §ã§Ó§à§Ú §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ú, §à§ß§Ú §ä§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §Ó§í§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§ç, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Ó§ä§à§â§à§ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §á§à §å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§â§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í, §Ò§Ö§Õ§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â. ?

§³§´§¡§¯§°§£§­§¦§¯§ª§¦ §ª §²§¡§¢§°§´§¡ §®§ª§²§¯§½§· §¬§°§¯§¶§¦§²§¦§¯§¸§ª§«

§±§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §å§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü§à§â§ß§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §á§ñ§ä§ß§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§í§Û §Ó§Ö§Ü, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ã §Ú§ç §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§Ö§è §à§á§å§ã§ä§à§ê§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Ó§à§Û§ß§Ñ§Þ, §ã§Ó§Ú§â§Ö§á§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ §¡§á§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Þ §á§à§Ý§å§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ó§Ö. §£ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§î §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò§ß§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ä§ñ§ß§å§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ï§ä§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ý§à §Ó §£§Ö§ã§ä§æ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ú. §ª §Ó§ã§× §Ø§Ö?§Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§â§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú§ß§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Ö §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó§á§Ý§à§ä§î §Õ§à §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ §£§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ. §ª §ã§Ñ§Þ §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã, §Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Û §Ù§Ñ §ß§Ú§Þ ?§¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§â§ä? §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û, §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §à§Ò§ã§å§Õ§Ú§ä§î §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§Û§ß§í §Ú §à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ú§ä§î §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§ã§Ö§à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ. §¯§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §ä§à, §é§ä§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §ã§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Þ§å §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú, §Ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §à§ä§Ü§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ü §Õ§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ö§Û §á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó §Ú §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§ß§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §à§ä §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ã§å§Ó§Ö§â§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó,⁴?§á§à§Ó§à§Õ§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ö§Ô§à §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú §ä§Ö §Ø§Ö §Õ§à§Ó§à§Õ§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ó §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ.

§±§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ó XIX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§à §ã §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§Û §£§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ. §£ §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ï§ä§à §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §¢§Ö§â§Ý§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ 1878 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §ã§à§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §Þ§Ú§â §Ò§í§Ý §á§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§×§ß §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ß§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù §å§é§×§ä§Ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ó §Ü§à§Ý§à§ß§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö. §´§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ñ §ä§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Ó§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§î §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §¤§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û 1899 §Ú 1907 §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó. §¯§Ñ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó §á§à§Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ß§Ñ §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ä§Ö §ã§â§Ñ§Ù§å §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §±§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ 1826 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §³§Ú§Þ§à§ß§à§Þ §¢§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§â§à§Þ. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §ß§Ñ §¤§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ§ç §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §à§á§â§à§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §Ú§ß§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó.⁵?§ª§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó §ï§ä§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ?§Ò§í§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§à §à §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§å §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§ß§í§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã. §¯§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §­§Ú§Ô§Ú §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø§ã§Ü§à§Û §Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ö§Û 1919 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§â§î§×§Ù§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§à§á§í§ä§Ü§Ñ §å§Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§Ú§ä§î §ß§à§Ó§í§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §æ§à§â§å§Þ§à§Ó.⁶?§¤§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ-§é§Ý§Ö§ß§í §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú, §é§ä§à §á§â§Ú§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§à§Þ §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ò§í§ä§î §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§ã§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§í§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Ú §é§ä§à §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §å§ã§á§Ö§ç, §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§ß§å§ä§í§Û §Ó §ä§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§í§Õ§å§ë§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§Û. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §à§á§í§ä §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ò§í§Ý §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§×§ß §Ü §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §á§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú.⁷

§£ §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ß§à§â§Þ, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú, §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §à§ã§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ö§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à §Ò§í§ä§î §Ú§Ù§Ò§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§â§ñ§Õ§å§ë§Ú§ç §á§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û ?§à§ä §Ò§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í?. §¬ §ï§ä§à§Þ§å §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §á§â§Ú§ê§Ý§Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §­§Ú§Ô§Ú §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ú §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §£§ä§à§â§à§Û §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í. §³ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §à§á§ñ§ä§î §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ü§â§å§á§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Û §Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ú§ä§å§ä §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§í§Û §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §å §ß§Ö§Ô§à §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §´§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ó§ß§Ö §°§°§¯ §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î, §Ó §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ, §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Û §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §æ§à§â§å§Þ§à§Ó §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §á§à§ã§Ó§ñ§ë§×§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ §À§Ô§à-§£§à§ã§ä§à§é§ß§à§Û §¡§Ù§Ú§Ú (§­§Ñ§à§ã §Ú §£§î§Ö§ä§ß§Ñ§Þ), §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §Ó §ä§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö 1950-§ç, 1960-§ç §Ú 1970-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó, §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§í §á§à §¢§Ý§Ú§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §£§à§ã§ä§à§Ü§å, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §¨§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§å§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ð §á§à §¢§Ý§Ú§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §£§à§ã§ä§à§Ü§å 1973 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ú, §á§à§ã§Ó§ñ§ë§×§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ §¬§Ú§á§â§Ñ (§­§à§ß§Õ§à§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §á§à §¬§Ú§á§â§å 1959 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ).⁸?§£§ã§× §Ø§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç §å§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §ã§ä§à§Ý§î §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§×§ß§ß§í§Þ §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ. §¯§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã 1960-§ç §Ú 1970-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó §Ó §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ô§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ö§× §á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ §Ú§ã§ä§à§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ú§à§Ò§â§Ö§Ý§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú. §°§ß§Ú §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú §á§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §Ñ§ä§Þ§à§ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §ç§à§Ý§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í, §é§ä§à §à§ä§ß§ð§Õ§î §ß§Ö §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Þ§å §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§å §Ü §à§Ò§ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Þ §ß§Ñ §ß§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ, §ß§à §Ó §ß§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ä§í §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §ã§à §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ü§à§ß§è§à§Ó §Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §ê§Ñ§â§Ñ. §¿§ä§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Ü§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §ä§à§Þ§å, §é§ä§à §Ú§ç §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ §å§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §å§â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§â§Ö§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§í §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ñ, §ã§ä§à§ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §á§å§ä§Ú §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ú §á§â§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ.

§£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ç§à§Ý§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í §Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ö§× §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú§Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó§ß§à§Ó§î §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ü §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Þ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ§Þ. §£ 1980 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç, §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §¬§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Õ§à§â§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§í, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §Ö§× §Õ§Ö§Ý§à §Ô§â§å§á§á§í ?§¿§ã§Ü§Ú§á§å§Ý§Ñ§ã?, §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ§å §â§ñ§Õ§å §Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§à§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §ß§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ú§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§à§Û§ß §Ó §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ö §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §ã§Ö§â§Ú§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó. §¿§ä§à §Ó §ã§Ó§à§ð §à§é§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§î §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§â§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ú §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ö.⁹?§£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §À§Ô§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ú §Ò§í§Ý §ã§à§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß §è§Ö§Ý§í§Û §â§ñ§Õ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û, §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ò§í§Ý§à §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§í§Ô§â§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à§ã§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ. §£ §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Þ §ã§é§Ö§ä§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ §¥§Ö§Û§ä§à§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Ó 1995 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§Ö§è §Ü§â§à§Ó§à§á§â§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§ð §Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§î §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§í §Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §¢§à§ã§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ.? §£ 1990-§ç §Ú 2000-§ç §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý §è§Ö§Ý§í§Û §â§ñ§Õ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û, §á§à§ã§Ó§ñ§ë§×§ß§ß§í§ç §å§â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §¢§Ý§Ú§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ §£§à§ã§ä§à§Ü§Ö. §´§â§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Ö §Ú§Ù §ß§Ú§ç §®§Ñ§Õ§â§Ú§Õ§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ, §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ §ß§Ö§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§í §Ó §°§ã§Ý§à §Ú §³§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ú§ä §á§à §¢§Ý§Ú§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §£§à§ã§ä§à§Ü§å §Ó §¬§ï§Þ§á-§¥§ï§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö. §¬§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î, §é§ä§à §ï§ä§Ú §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§í §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §ª§Ù§â§Ñ§Ú§Ý§î §Ú §Ö§Ô§à §ã§à§ã§Ö§Õ§Ö§Û §Ü §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§â§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ, §ß§à §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §ß§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ý§à §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ó§ã§á§í§ê§Ö§Ü §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ, §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §à§Ò §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§Ñ §Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Ô§à §å§â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ö §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.

§ª§©§£§­§¦§¬§¡§Á §µ§²§°§¬§ª

§¬§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §å§â§à§Ü§Ú §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§î §Ú§Ù §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§Ù§à§â§Ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú? §¢§Ö§Ù§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§ß§à, §Ó §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §à§ä §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û, §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ó§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö §ß§Ö §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à-§Ý§Ú§Ò§à §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §à §â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ã§å§Ó§Ö§â§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó, §Ó §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Ö §æ§à§â§å§Þ§í §á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ù§å§Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó, §Ñ §á§à§â§à§Û §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §ã§å§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §ß§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã§Ñ. §¯§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §ä§à, §é§ä§à §ï§ä§Ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ã §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§ç §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û, §á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ù§å§Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §¤§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ö§ë§× §Õ§à §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §­§Ú§Ô§Ú §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û. §µ§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ú §Ó §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ó §¤§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§Ö §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§à§Þ, §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ú§ñ 44-§ç §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§í§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó, §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §à§ä §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú ?§Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §è§Ú§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ?, §ï§ä§å §ä§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ð §ß§Ö§Ý§î§Ù§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§Ò§Ö§Ø§ß§à§Û.¹⁰?§£ §ä§à §Ø§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Þ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ó §¤§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§Ö §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§í §å§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ó§à §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú, §é§ä§à §Ó §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ñ§ç, §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à §à§ä §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó, §Ò§í§Ý§à §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§×§ß§ß§à§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à. §±§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§í§Ö §æ§à§â§å§Þ§í §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§ß§å§ä§î §á§à-§ß§à§Ó§à§Þ§å §ß§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í ¨C §å§â§à§Ü, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ò§í§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §á§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ. ?§¬§â§à§Þ§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §â§Ö§é§î §Ú§Õ§×§ä §à §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §á§à§Õ§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§×§ß§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à §á§â§Ú§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§ß§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§ß§Ú§ä§î §à §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ§å §è§Ö§Ý§Ú §¤§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Þ §Ú §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ó§í§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§í, §ß§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ö§å§Õ§Ñ§é§Ú. §¿§ä§à§ä §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ó§á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §­§Ú§Ô§Ú §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û.¹¹

§³ §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ñ§ä §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §à§Ò§ã§å§Õ§Ú§ä§î §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §é§ä§à §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§×§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ, §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§í§ä§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§Ö§è §ß§Ö§å§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Þ§å §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§å, §ß§Ö §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ä§î §Ü §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú, §Ù§Ñ §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ä§Ö§ç §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö§Ó, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§í §ä§ë§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ã§á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í. §£ §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Þ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö?§ï§ä§à§ä §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ §å§â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Ü §á§â§ñ§Þ§à §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó§à§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§ß§í§Þ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Þ. §ª§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ö§ë§× §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à §Ò§å§Õ§å§ä §à§Ò§ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ö§å§Õ§Ñ§é§Ú §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø§ã§Ü§à§Û §Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú 1919 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §à§Ò§ì§ñ§ã§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §ä§Ö§Þ, §é§ä§à §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§à §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§à §ã§Ý§Ú§ê§Ü§à§Þ §ã§Ü§à§â§à§á§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§ß§à §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §à§á§å§ã§ä§à§ê§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§Û§ß §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú.

§³§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §å§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ö §ß§à§Ó§à§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §®§Ö§ä§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ú§ç§Ñ. §£ §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ó §Ö§× §Ñ§Õ§â§Ö§ã §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à?§Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å§â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à§ã§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ? ¨C ?§Ü§Ñ§Ü §ï§ä§à §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ó §³§Ú§â§Ú§Ú? ¨C §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §à §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú, §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§à§Þ §ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§î §ç§à§ä§î §Ü§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö-§ß§Ú§Ò§å§Õ§î §Þ§Ö§â§í, §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §á§à§Õ§à§Û§ä§Ú §Ü §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö §Ó§Ù§Ó§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ú §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à.¹²? §¬§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§Ò§Ö§Ø§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ý§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó §Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§à§Ó§à§Û §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §±§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å?§Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§í §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ò§í§ä§î §à§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í, §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §à§ß§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ð§ä §Ü §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú, §Ó §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §å §ß§Ú§ç §à§ä§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §é§Ö§ä§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û. §¹§Ñ§ã§ä§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§Ü, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §Ó §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§à§Ý§Ú §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ð§Ù§Ñ §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ§ç §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §³§Ö§â§Ò§Ú§Ö§Û §Ú §¬§à§ã§à§Ó§à, §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§Þ, §é§Ö§Þ §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í, §Ó§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§×§ß§ß§í§Ö (§Ú§Ý§Ú §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §Ó§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§í) §Ó §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§ß§å§ð §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§ð.

§£§©§¤§­§Á§¥ §£ §¢§µ§¥§µ§»§¦§¦?

§¥§Ý§ñ §ä§à§Ô§à §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§á§à§â§à§Ó §Ó §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ, §à§ß§Ñ §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§Ñ §å§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§å §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §¹§Ú§ã§Ý§à §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ß§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã§Ñ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ó§à§Ù§â§à§ã§Ý§à. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Ó 1989 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ§â§Ö§Ô§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à 15 §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §ä§à §Ó 2011 §Ú§ç §ß§Ñ§ã§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §å§Ø§Ö 38.¹³?§¹§Ú§ã§Ý§à §á§à§Ô§Ú§Ò§ê§Ú§ç §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §Ò§à§Ö§Ó§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §Ó §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ§ç §Ó§à§Ù§â§à§ã§Ý§à §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §Ó §ä§â§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Ó 2007 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ú§ç §Ò§í§Ý§à §á§â§Ú§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à 2 000, §ä§à §Ó 2011 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§à§Ô§Ú§Ò§ê§Ú§ç §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 6 000 §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü §Ó §Ô§à§Õ. §£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ó§ã§× §Ó §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Û §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §å§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ä§à§ä §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä, §é§ä§à §Ó §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ§ç §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ä §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §¹§Ñ§ã§ä§à §â§Ö§é§î §Ú§Õ§×§ä §à §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ§ç, §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ú§Ù §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ë§×§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ä§Ö§â§â§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú. §³§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §å§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ä§î §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ä§Ö§Þ, §é§î§Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§í §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§à§ß§å§ä§í §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§â§à§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §£§Ñ§Ø§ß§à §à§ä§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§ä§î §Ú §â§à§Ý§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §ß§Ö§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ §Ô§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§à §é§Ñ§ë§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §Ù§Ñ §ç§à§Õ§à§Þ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û, §é§Ö§Þ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §ß§Ú§ç.

§¦§ã§Ý§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ö§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §á§à-§á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§ä§î §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§à§Þ §á§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §Ú §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §Ö§Û §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ê§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§à §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ, §ä§à §á§â§Ú §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó§Ö §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ó§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §Ó§ã§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ó §Ü§à§ß§æ§â§à§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §ä§Ö§ç, §Ü§ä§à §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä, §Ú §ä§Ö§ç, §Ü§ä§à §ß§Ö§á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §á§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ý §à§ä §ß§Ö§Ô§à. §£ §ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ö §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §å§Ô§â§à§Ù, §ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ú§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §Þ§Ú§â§à§Þ §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ, §¢§Ö§â§ä§â§Ñ§ß §²§Ñ§Þ§é§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à ?§ß§Ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§à§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §ã §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §Õ§Ó§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§î §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Þ §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö?.¹⁴?§¿§ä§à §à§é§Ö§ß§î §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î§ð §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Û §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§Ú§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û§ã§ñ §â§Ö§æ§à§â§Þ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö §â§Ö§æ§à§â§Þ§í §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ §¢§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §°§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ñ 200-§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§ð§ð §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó§ë§Ú§ß§å §£§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ §Ú 70-§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§Ö §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§ß§Ö§Õ§â§ñ§ä§î §ß§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ §á§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§à§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §à§á§å§ã§ä§à§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó. ??

?

1 Mark Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea (New York: Penguin, 2012), p. 3. (§®§Ñ§â§Ü §®§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ö§â, §µ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ú§â§à§Þ: §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú)

2 Bertrand G. Ramcharan, International Peace Conferences (Leiden, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff, 2015). (§¢§Ö§â§ä§â§Ñ§ß §²§Ñ§Þ§é§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß, §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú)

3 A.J.R. Groom, ¡°Conference Diplomacy¡±, in The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur, eds., (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 266¨C267.

4 Martha Finnemore and Michelle Jurkovich, ¡°Getting a Seat at the Table: The Origins of Universal Participation and Modern Multilateral Conferences¡±, Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, vol. 20, No. 3 (July ¨C September 2014), pp. 361-373 (363).

5 §´§Ñ§Þ §Ø§Ö, §ã§ä§â. 363¨C365.

6 Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation: The Founding of the 51³Ô¹Ï. A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World (Boulder, Colorado, Westview, 2003), p. 21. (§³§ä§Ú§Ó§Ö§ß §º§Ý§Ö§Ù§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö§â, §±§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ: §°§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§×§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û. §ª§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ §ã§Ó§Ö§â§ç§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó, §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §Ñ§Ô§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó, §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §ã§à§ð§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó, §Ú §Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §Þ§Ú§â §ß§Ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö)

7 Groom, ¡°Conference Diplomacy¡±, p. 265.

8 Ramcharan, International Peace Conferences.

9 Michael Stevens and others, ¡°Latin American Perspectives on Peace and Reconciliation,¡± in International Handbook of Peace and Reconciliation, Kathleen Malley-Morrison, Andrea Mercurio and Gabriel Twose, eds., Peace Psychology Book Series 7 (Springer, New York, 2013), pp. 561¨C79.

10 Arthur Eyffinger, The 1907 Hague Peace Conference: ¡°The Conscience of the Civilized World¡± (The Hague, Judicap, 2007), Preface (§±§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Ö).

11 Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea.

12 New Statesman, ¡°The Syria peace talks are doomed before they have even begun¡±, 22 January 2014. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö .

13 Human Security Report Project, Human Security Report 2013, p. 97. §³ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö .?

14 Ramcharan, International Peace Conferences.