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§®§í §Ø§Ú§Ó§Ö§Þ §Ó §ï§á§à§ç§å, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î §ã§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §á§à-§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§Þ§å, §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ô§Ö§à§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Ú. §£§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Û §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ö§Û §á§à-§á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú§Þ§á§å§Ý§î§ã§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û, §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û (MacFarlane and Weiss, 2000). §£ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §ã§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û ¨C §Ò§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Þ§í§ç §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û. §ª§Ù §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §å§Ô§â§à§Ù, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó, §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ã §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ü§à §Ú§Õ§å§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ä§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ø§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Ó §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Þ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §á§â§Ú§ß§å§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§à§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §ð§ß§í§Û §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä, §ä§à §ã§Ö§Û§é§Ñ§ã §Ú§ç §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §Ó§à§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §Ú§ç §ð§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ñ.

§¯§à§Ó§í§Ö §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§í §Ü §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§å §ä§à§Ô§à, §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§í §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§Ö §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û. §¬§Ñ§Ü §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §¤§â§Ñ§ã§Ñ §®§Ñ§ê§Ö§Ý, "§¯§Ñ§ê§Ú §ã§à§Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Ö §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§ä§î §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§å §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û. §¿§ä§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§î, §Þ§í §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§ä§î §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ, §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §à§ß§Ú §ã§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä" (2001, §ã. XI). §£§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à, §ß§Ñ§ê§Ñ §ß§Ö§ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§í §Ú §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §â§Ö§Ñ§Ô§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §ß§Ú§ç §á§â§ñ§Þ§à §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ã §ä§Ö§Þ, §é§ä§à §Þ§í §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§Ú§ä§î §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ú §ß§Ö §Õ§à§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§ç §å§Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ó§à§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ§ç.

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"§±§à-§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§Þ§å, §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §ß§Ö§ä §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §ã§å§ä§î §Ú §ï§Ü§ã§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§ç §Ü §Ô§Ö§ß§à§è§Ú§Õ§å, §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§ð§ä §å§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §Ú §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ñ, §à§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ã§à§Ò§í§ç §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ§à§é§Ú§Û, §é§Ö§ä§Ü§à §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §è§Ö§Ý§Ú" (§è§Ú§ä. §á§à:?? Akhavan, 2011, p. 21). §¥§à§Ü§ä§â§Ú§ß§Ñ R2P §á§â§ñ§Þ§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§à§Ó§í§ç §Ù§Ó§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó §Ú §Ô§Ö§ß§à§è§Ú§Õ§Ñ §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã "§å§Ù§Ü§Ú§Þ, §ß§à §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§à §á§â§à§Õ§å§Þ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ" §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§à§Þ, §à §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ú§Ý §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §±§Ñ§ß §¤§Ú §®§å§ß:

§¯§Ñ§ê§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ñ R2P, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å§Ù§Ü§à§Û, §ß§à §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§à §á§â§à§Õ§å§Þ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û. §¦§Ö §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å§Ù§Ü§à§Û, §à§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§Õ§à§á§å§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö§ç §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §Ý§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó 2005?§Ô§à§Õ§å. §²§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§å §ã §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ò§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü §£§ª§¹-§³§±§ª§¥¡­ §á§à§Õ§à§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §Ò§í §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§ß§å§ä§í§Û §Ó 2005?§Ô§à§Õ§å §Ü§à§ß§ã§Ö§ß§ã§å§ã §Ú §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ý§à §ï§ä§å §Ú§Õ§Ö§ð §Õ§à §ß§Ö§å§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ß§Ö§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §Ò§í §ß§Ñ §Ö§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§à§Ý§Ö§Ù§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §£ §ä§à §Ø§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ú §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§â§í §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ò§í§ä§î §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§à §á§â§à§Õ§å§Þ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú, §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ñ§â§ã§Ö§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó §á§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§Ö §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §å §Ö§Ö §á§Ñ§â§ä§ß§Ö§â§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §Ú §ã§å§Ò§â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ§ç §Ú §Ú§Ù §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö, §ß§Ö §Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§ð§ð §à§é§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§î, §å §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó-§é§Ý§Ö§ß§à§Ó (2008?§Ô§à§Õ).

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