51³Ô¹Ï

§³§à§Ý§ß§è§Ö §Ó §ß§Ö§Ò§Ö
§´§Ö§ß§ß§Ö§ã§ã§Ú, §³§º§¡.
§¶§à§ä§à:§°§°§¯/§¯. §¬§à§Ý§Ý§Ñ§â

§°§Ù§à§ß§à§Þ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§ã§à§Ò§Ñ§ñ §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §æ§à§â§Þ§å§Ý§å O3. §¬§Ú§ã§Ý§à§â§à§Õ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ §Þ§í §Õ§í§ê§Ú§Þ §Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ó§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §ß§Ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö, §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §æ§à§â§Þ§å§Ý§å O2.

§°§Ù§à§ß §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §à§é§Ö§ß§î §Þ§Ñ§Ý§å§ð §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Û §Ñ§ä§Þ§à§ã§æ§Ö§â§í, §ß§à §Ö§Ô§à §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §¢§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §à§Ù§à§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à §Ó §Ñ§ä§Þ§à§ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö, §ß§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§à§ä§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å 10 §Ú 40 §Ü§Þ §ß§Ñ§Õ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ú. §¿§ä§Ñ §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§à§ã§æ§Ö§â§à§Û §Ú §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 90% §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ñ§ä§Þ§à§ã§æ§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ù§à§ß§Ñ.

§®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý: §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§í §ã §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ü§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ñ

§£ §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ô§à§Õ§å §Þ§í §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§ß§å§ä§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ§ê§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §å§ã§á§Ö§ç§Ú, §ß§à §Ú §ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ú§Þ §Ó §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Ö, §ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§ñ§ã§î §Ü §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ú §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§í§Þ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ. §¢§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§í§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§ñ, §ß§à §á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §Ü§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §Ú §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§í. §£ §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §³§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ä §À§¯§¦§± §á§à §à§Ù§à§ß§å §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ú§Ý §ß§Ñ §ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ§ç.

§°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ

§£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§í§Ý§à §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à, §é§ä§à §â§ñ§Õ §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §é§â§Ö§Ù§Ó§í§é§Ñ§Û§ß§à §à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§ñ. §¤§Ñ§Ý§à§Ú§Õ§à§å§Ô§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§í §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§à§Ó §å§Ô§Ý§Ö§â§à§Õ§Ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§í §ã §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ñ§ä§à§Þ§à§Ó §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ß§à§Ó (§æ§ä§à§â, §ç§Ý§à§â, §Ò§â§à§Þ §Ú§Ý§Ú §Û§à§Õ). §°§Ù§à§ß§à§â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î (§°§²§³), §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ú§Õ§à§å§Ô§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§à§Ó, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§ç §Ò§â§à§Þ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §Ô§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§à §Ó§í§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §å §ä§Ö§ç, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ä §ç§Ý§à§â. §³§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§å§ð §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §ç§Ý§à§â§Ñ §Ú §Ò§â§à§Þ§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ù§à§ß§Ñ, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ò§â§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ä§í§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý, §Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§ç§Ý§à§â§à§æ§à§â§Þ, §ä§Ö§ä§â§Ñ§ç§Ý§à§â§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§ß §Ú §ã§Ö§Þ§î§ñ §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó, §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§ß§í, §ç§Ý§à§â§æ§ä§à§â§å§Ô§Ý§Ö§â§à§Õ§í (§·§¶§µ) §Ú §Ô§Ú§Õ§â§à§ç§Ý§à§â§æ§ä§à§â§å§Ô§Ý§Ö§â§à§Õ§í (§¤§·§¶§µ).

§¯§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Ö §á§à§Õ§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ñ §Ú§ã§ä§à§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§ñ §á§à§Ò§å§Õ§Ú§Ý§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §á§à §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ð §Þ§Ö§â §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§ñ. §¿§ä§à §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§à §Ó , §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ñ §Ú §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ 28 §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú 22 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1985 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §£ §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§Ö 1987 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §ï§ä§à §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§à §Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ö §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ .

§°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Û §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§Ñ §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§ñ §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§â §á§à §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ö§Ô§à, §ã §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Û §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Ú§ç §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ú§Ü§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§Ü§â§å§Ô §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§í§Û §ã§Ý§à§Û §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó. §¤§â§å§á§á§í §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§ä §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ú §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Ó §á§â§Ú§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Ü §ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§å §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ.

§®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§à§Ý§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä §á§à§é§ä§Ú 100 §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ó §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â§Ú§ñ§ç. §¥§Ý§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¥§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ§á§ß§à§Ô§à §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §à§ä §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã §ä§Ö§Þ §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Ó §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Þ §Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §à§ä §ß§Ú§ç §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð. §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ù§à§ß§à§â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó. §±§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§Ý§ð§ã §Ú§Þ§á§à§â§ä §Ù§Ñ §Ó§í§é§Ö§ä§à§Þ §ï§Ü§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ §Ó §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Û §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ô§à§Õ. §³§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ó§í§é§Ö§ä§Ñ §Ù§Ñ §å§ß§Ú§é§ä§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Ò§ì§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§ã§à§Ó.

§±§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä §ã§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß §ã §ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§Þ §Ô§à§Õ§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §±§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §ß§Ö §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §å§Ø§Ö §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§é§ß§à §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ù§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ã§â§à§Ü§à§Ó §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ§á§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ú§Ü§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §¦§ã§ä§î §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §á§à§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §Ó §Õ§à§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ§ç (MDI), §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ñ§ã§ä§Þ§í §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §â§Ö§ã§á§Ú§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û, §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§ß§à§Ó§í§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç §á§à§Ø§Ñ§â§à§ä§å§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç §ß§Ñ §á§à§Õ§Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ý§à§Õ§Ü§Ñ§ç §Ú §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ý§Ö§ä§Ñ§ç.

§£ 1994 §Ô§à§Õ§å §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§ñ §°§°§¯ 16 §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ §Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§í §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§ñ §Ó §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§í §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó 1987 §Ô§à§Õ§å §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ §á§à §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§í§Û §ã§Ý§à§Û.

§²§Ñ§Ó§ß§à §å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§à §Ó§Ö§Ý§à§ã§î §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§í§ç, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç. §£§ã§Ö §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü§Ú §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ§á§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö§Ó §ã§à§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î, §Ñ §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ê§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §ã §à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §µ§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ñ §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§í§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã, §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§ß§å§ä§í§Û §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §±§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ §å§Ø§Ö §Ó 2003 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ú§Û §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î §°§°§¯ §¬§à§æ§Ú §¡§ß§ß§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§Ý §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý: ?§Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à, §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§í§Þ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ?. §¦§Ô§à §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§í §â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à.

§±§Ö§â§Ó§à§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §ã§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§à§é§Ö§ß§à §Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§Û §à§Ù§à§ß§à§â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §·§¶§µ §Ú §Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§ß§í. §¤§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ§á§ß§à§Ô§à §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §à§ä §¤§·§¶§µ §Ò§í§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ô§Ú§Ò§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §Ú§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§à§Û §à§Ù§à§ß§à§â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §á§à§ä§à§Þ§å, §é§ä§à §à§ß§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §·§¶§µ.

§¤§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ§á§ß§à§Ô§à §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §à§ä §¤§·§¶§µ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §Ó§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß §Ó 1992 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§í§ç §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß, §Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö §ã §Þ§à§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó 2015 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ú §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §Ü 2030 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §Ú 2040 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç.

§£ 2007 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú §å§ã§Ü§à§â§Ú§ä§î §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ§á§ß§à§Ô§à §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §à§ä §¤§·§¶§µ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§í§ç §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß.

§£§ã§Ö§à§Ò§ë§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§ä§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ

16 §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2009 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §£§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §Ú §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §°§°§¯, §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö§à§Ò§ë§å§ð §â§Ñ§ä§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ð.

§¬§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§à§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ü§Ñ

§³§ä§à§â§à§ß§í §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ §á§à §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§í§Û §ã§Ý§à§Û, §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ú §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ú§ç 28-§Þ §ã§à§Ó§Ö§ë§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß, §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Þ§ã§ñ 15 §à§Ü§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2016 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §¬§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú, §²§å§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ, §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ§á§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ç§Ý§à§â§æ§ä§à§â§å§Ô§Ý§Ö§â§à§Õ§à§Ó.

§¥§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö §Ø§Ö §Ó §ï§ä§à§ä §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§í §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§ñ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§Þ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ú§ä§î §Þ§Ú§â §ã §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Û §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§à§Û. §£§à§Ù§î§Þ§Ö§Þ §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §å§ã§á§Ö§ç §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î, §é§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§é§î §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó §Ö§Ô§à §Ý§å§é§ê§Ú§ç §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç.

§¡§ß§ä§à§ß§Ú§å §¤§å§ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ê

 

§²§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§í

 

§¥§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í §Ú §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú

  •  (1999 §Ô§à§Õ)
  • (1987 §Ô§à§Õ)
  • (1985 §Ô§à§Õ)
  • (§¤§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ñ 9 §±§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ XXI §Ó§Ö§Ü)
  • §²§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú §à §á§â§à§Ó§à§Ù§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §¥§ß§ñ (A/RES/49/114)

§±§à§Ý§Ö§Ù§ß§í§Ö §ã§ã§í§Ý§Ü§Ú

(§°§°§¯-§°§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ, §À§¯§¦§±) ¡ª §Ó§Ö§Õ§å§ë§Ñ§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§å §Õ§ß§ñ, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §°§°§¯ §Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§ß§í§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö.

 

Floating solar panels in Peru

§ª§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§ç §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó§í§Ù§à§Ó§à§Ó. §´§Ñ§Ü, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §ß§Ö§á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §á§à§Ô§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä §á§à§Õ §å§Ô§â§à§Ù§å §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ó§à§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ, §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ §Þ§à§â§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ú§ã§Ü §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§æ, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §Ú §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §Ú §Ò§Ö§ã§á§â§Ö§è§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò§í. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§î §â§Ö§ê§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ, §ä§à §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §Ñ§Õ§Ñ§á§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ü §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§Ö§ä §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ç §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û §Ú §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§ä.

 

illustration of people with clock, calendar, to-do list and decorations

§®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Õ§ß§Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Ó§à§Õ§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Û §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ, §Ó§í§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §à§Ù§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ó§à§Ý§Ú §Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§à§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §³§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Õ§ß§Ö§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §ß§à §°§°§¯ §Ó§à§ã§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§à§ë§ß§í§Û §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à §ä§Ö§ç §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§ç. §µ§Ù§ß§Ñ§ä§î §à §Õ§ß§ñ§ç §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î.