51吃瓜

Poor district in Algeria鈥檚 capital, Algiers. Most North African countries have made progress in reducing slum areas.鈥�

Photograph: Africa Media Online / Ricardo Gangale

Millions of Africans live inm dwellers, but also preventi slums, and the rapid growth of African cities is compounding the problem. Africa faces the huge challenge of 鈥渋mproving the lives of slung the formation of new slums,鈥� says Joan Clos, executive director of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).

Africa鈥檚 housing ministers, who last met in Rabat, Morocco, in September 2011, are well aware of this challenge. Gathered under the auspices of the African Ministers Conference on Housing and Urban Development (AMCHUD), they outlined new policies for housing and urban development across the continent, in line with the 鈥渃ities without slums鈥� initiative they originally adopted in 2005.

Some slum dwellers fear this may be mostly talk. 鈥淚 am only interested in being removed from here, to live in a more decent environment,鈥� says Rachid Lashab, who lives in the Essekouila slum in Casablanca. 鈥淚 am not interested in the many conferences that our leaders attend.鈥�

But in Rabat, the ministers at least laid out broad goals. These included improving urban planning, making service land (for public buildings) more available, developing industrial, agricultural and crafts towns, and slowing down rural-to-urban migration of people in search of job opportunities.

Crowding and disease

According to estimates by UN-Habitat, 200 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were living in slums in 2010, or 61.7 per cent of the region鈥檚 urban population, the highest rate in the world. North Africa had another 12 million slum dwellers; that was just 13.3 per cent of its urban residents, the lowest rate in the developing world.

The lack of adequate sanitation, potable water and electricity, in addition to substandard housing and overcrowding, aggravates the spread of diseases and avoidable deaths, according to a recent report of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Slums contribute to low life expectancy. In Mali, for example, more than 80 per cent of the population lacks good housing and average life expectancy is just 51 years, according to the UN Development Programme.

Mali鈥檚 situation reflects that of much of sub-Saharan Africa. Gakou Salimata Fofana, Mali鈥檚 former minister of housing, land affairs and planning, urged urgent measures from Africa鈥檚 housing ministers. 鈥淲e must take decisive action,鈥� she said. 鈥淥therwise there is the risk of having an urban population [in Mali] of about 6 million souls still living in informal settlements by 2020,鈥� or nearly twice the current number.

Jugurtha Ait El Hadj, an Algeria-based urban planner, believes that African ministers are on the right course. 鈥淪uch meetings are especially helpful in that they allow exchange of experiences. But these meetings must be accompanied by concrete steps.鈥�

There are many roadblocks to achieving the dream of cities without slums. Algerian Minister for Housing and Urban Development Noureddine Moussa noted that the expansion of cities in Africa limits the ability of national and local governments to provide security and supply basic social services in health, education, water and sanitation.

Climate change

In addition, notes Mr. El Hadj, climate change will interact with urbanization in unpredictable ways. In 2007 an assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, established by the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme, warned that 鈥渦rbanization and climate change may work synergistically to increase disease burdens.鈥�

Slum dwellers also face harsh environmental challenges due to the low quality of construction materials used in buildings and slums, which are located mostly on marginal land. Many slums are vulnerable to accidental fires. In September 2011, for instance, more than 100 people were killed when a leaking petrol pipeline exploded in Mukuru wa Njenga, a densely populated Nairobi slum.

Individual countries鈥� differences in geography, climate, expertise and financial resources will influence efforts to implement any continent-wide urban development plan. In Rabat, the ministers suggested that these challenges can be tackled through effective collaboration and support from international partners, including the UN.

Steady progress

There is some good news. A 2010 UN-Habitat report found that countries such as Egypt, Libya and Morocco have 鈥渘early halved their total number of urban slum dwellers, and Tunisia has eradicated them completely.鈥� Ghana, Senegal and Uganda have also made steady progress, reducing their slum populations by up to 20 per cent. In Nigeria, the slum population came down from 75 per cent of all urban residents in 1990 to 61.9 per cent in 2010. In South Africa, the proportion dropped from 46.2 per cent to 28.7 per cent during the same period.

Morocco鈥檚 urban development model continues to draw a spotlight. In 2004 the government launched its own 鈥渃ities without slums鈥� programme, fashioning an urban development strategy to enable slum dwellers to have decent homes with access to water, power and sanitation. By 2011 about 100,000 new housing units had been created in different parts of the country. Overall, 37 of Morocco鈥檚 83 cities have been transformed, a change that has benefitted more than 1.5 million people. These cities now boast streetlights, drainage systems, safe water, roads, sanitation and other infrastructure. The development of Bouregreg Valley (near Rabat) and other 鈥済reen areas鈥� is also notable.

Fathallah Oualalou, former Moroccan minister of housing and currently mayor of Rabat, linked the successful urbanization efforts to effective implementation of the road map developed in 2010 in Bamako, Mali, at the third conference of African housing ministers 鈥� making the point that such meetings can in fact be useful. The roadmap emphasizes efficiency in land management, sustainable housing, urban transportation and sanitation, among other issues.

Mr. Moussa, the Algerian housing minister, lists other keys to success. These include the efficient and equitable management of land, the enactment of appropriate land laws so that women and other vulnerable groups can have access, and improvements in social conditions in housing projects. The provision of schools, clinics, electricity and sanitation is important, says Mr. Moussa. 鈥淲e can鈥檛 design a sustainable development plan without sustainable urbanization,鈥� he argues. Urbanization should be controlled, he adds, and efforts should be made 鈥渢o reduce inequality between the rich and the poor by offering basic services to all people.鈥�