51吃瓜

Mauritania has been in the news lately over the hot-button issue of slavery. Last year the American satellite news channel CNN broadcast a documentary titled Mauritania, Slavery鈥檚 Last Stronghold, a searing indictment of the country鈥檚 weak efforts to end modern forms of slavery such as forced labour, child labour and human trafficking. Also last year, the Global Slavery Index, an organization that tracks the phenomenon, named Mauritania as having proportionally the highest prevalence of slaves in the world. With up to 140,000 persons said to be enslaved in the country, the UN Security Council established a tribunal last February to prosecute those responsible for the practice.

Alongside slavery have been stories of political instability鈥攕ix coups since independence in 1960. Gen. Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz staged the latest coup in 2008. In 2009 he handed power over to himself after claiming victory in a听controversial election.

But along with the continuing problem of slavery, a subdued economy and past political upheavals, Mauritania has another side that has been under the radar since 2009, when President Abdel Aziz became a civilian leader. It is the country鈥檚 growing democracy and, by extension, its improvements in freedom, human rights and accountability.

鈥淲e no longer need to go to Paris to express openly our concerns,鈥� said Abdellahi Ould Hourmatallah, director of Mauritania鈥檚 Ministry of Communications, in an interview with Africa Renewal. 鈥淎t least we can now stay here and demand accountability from our rulers.鈥� He鈥檚 right, because just last year about 10 prominent members of the African Liberation Forces of Mauritania (ALFM), who had been in exile since the group was outlawed in 1986 for planning to overthrow the government, returned home. They have been going about their business without arrest.

The return of these exiles coincided with the government鈥檚 establishment of the Forum for the Preservation of Democratic Process (MFPDP), a group comprising key members of civil society groups. The MFPDP will assist the government in promoting social harmony, encouraging women鈥檚 participation in governance and promoting media freedom, among听other endeavours.

Mohamed Lemjad Salem, head of the MFPDP, told Africa Renewal that by educating the population about democratic values, the group would create an atmosphere in which the government and the opposition could play their traditional democratic roles. 鈥淲e want to strive to consolidate democratic values 鈥� to achieve the democracy we aspire to.鈥� At the moment there is a growing recognition among Mauritanians that civil society 鈥渃an play a primary role in shaping public opinion and help to consolidate democracy,鈥� says听Mr. Hourmatallah.

Improvements in Mauritania鈥檚 human rights situation correspond to increasing press freedom. The media watchdog Reporters Without Borders says the country has a relatively open media environment. It was not this way a few years ago, when editors were obliged to obtain government approval before publishing stories. Then, unlike now, they were expected to reveal their sources鈥攊ncluding confidential ones鈥攊f asked to do so by the government. The government owned the media houses, and it created a board, without any media representation, that nominated heads of media institutions and regulated journalistic practices.

But the situation has improved in recent years. Amendments to media laws, though coming slowly, have been decisive. In 2010 the government opened up the broadcast media to private-sector ownership, and the following year it amended parts of the law under which journalists could be jailed for slandering the head of state.

There has been a notable response to the changes in the media laws. Mauritania currently has two independent television stations and several independent radio stations, finally ending government鈥檚 monopoly of the broadcast media. Although the government still controls two newspapers, 28 others are privately owned. Two internet-television stations, Shinquiti and Murabitun, are also privately owned. Reporters Without Borders says that Mauritania has some of the best media laws in the sub-region.

As with the media, a positive change is happening in women鈥檚 participation in governance. The country is one of only 34 with a quota system that ensures participation for women in government. Mauritania reserves 31 seats out of the 147 in the lower house of parliament for women. (This is about 21%, which is the global average for women in parliament.) As a result, 31 women won parliamentary seats in the November 2013 elections. Abdellahi Ould Zoubeir, a journalist and member of the MFPDP, told Africa Renewal that 鈥渢here is a long way to go, but we are striving to make Mauritania a more open society.鈥�

Mauritania may be making progress on many fronts, but there are also real concerns about democracy dividends on the economic front. Knowing the connection between citizens鈥� well-being and their political participation, President Abdel Aziz is confronting poverty. Although the country ran a 32% budget deficit in 2013, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) appears to be satisfied with its 6.4% economic growth rate. The Fund wrote, 鈥淔or 2014, economic growth will maintain its momentum, in spite of global demand that remains subdued. Accordingly, the rate of growth in real GDP is expected to turn out at about 6.5%, driven by strong performance in the mining sector, agriculture, services, and construction and public works.鈥�

These achievements are 鈥渘ot reflected in the social situation, still characterized by high poverty and high unemployment,鈥� notes a 2013 report, African Economic Outlook (AEO), jointly published by the African Development Bank, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the UN Economic Commission for Africa and the UN Development Programme. The report says that up to 21% of the population lives in absolute poverty, and while overall unemployment is at 30%, that number rises to 60% in the rural areas.

鈥淢auritanian women suffer discrimination in access to employment and land resulting in low levels of economic participation,鈥� adds the AEO report. Aminettou Mint Ely, who heads the non-governmental organization Association of Women, told IRIN, a humanitarian news service, that men don鈥檛 give women a chance to fight against discriminatory laws 鈥渟uch as those barring working women from claiming a pension, or [those that permit] paying elected women less than men for the same posts.鈥� Mahnaz Afkhami, president of the Women鈥檚 Learning Partnership, another advocacy group, adds, 鈥淲e also need to break down cultural stigmas and train these women to become good leaders.鈥�

Some male politicians make matters worse for women. Aslamo Ould Sidi al-Mustafa, a presidential advisor, controversially issued a fatwa (an Islamic decree) in 2012 banning women from contesting presidential elections. They may enter the race, Mr. al-Mustafa said, but it must be 鈥渏ust for fun.鈥� This effectively means that no woman can be president of Mauritania. Women鈥檚 advocacy groups are fighting back and are unsettled by President Abdel Aziz鈥檚 silence on the matter.
Although the media enjoy relative freedom, they are not stable enough financially to play their watchdog role effectively. The privately owned television stations broadcast only via the internet. With internet penetration of just 4.5% in the country, these stations have limited reach. The newspapers don鈥檛 fare any better, due to insufficient advertising and poor distribution systems, notes the BBC. And without a freedom of information law, journalists often hit a brick wall when requesting information that the government considers embarrassing.

Plaudits for Mauritania鈥檚 democracy are justified only when the present circumstance is compared to previous situations, many believe鈥攑articularly periods of military rule. The government remains sensitive to harsh media reports. In August 2011, for example, security operatives detained a Senegalese media crew that was in Mauritania to interview opposition leaders and anti-slavery activists. That same year Abdelhafiz al-Baqali, a Moroccan journalist, was deported for no official reason. And there are allegations of discrimination against blacks, torture as a tactic in detention and a judicial system that is not fully independent of the executive branch. Without any explanation, President Abdel Aziz appointed three different Supreme Court chief justices between 2007 and 2010, although each chief justice is supposed to serve for at least five years.

To be fair, the government is facing a lot of challenges. Mauritania is a multiracial society sandwiched between countries with which it has strained relationships. It is still squabbling at one end with Morocco and Algeria over Western Sahara, and at the other with Senegal over the use of the Senegal River, which divides the two countries. In addition, thousands of Malian refugees are moving to Mauritania, putting a strain on limited social infrastructure such as water and energy. Security is also a major concern as the government constantly tries to suppress any lurking terrorist networks.

Mauritania has been making efforts to stamp out slavery. It passed an anti-slavery law in 2007, making it a crime punishable by up to 10 years in prison. A judicial committee headed by President Abdel Aziz announced a decision to create a special tribunal to prosecute those responsible for the practice last December. Gulnara Shahinian, the UN鈥檚 special rapporteur on contemporary slavery, has praised 鈥渢he political will displayed by the [Mauritanian] authorities鈥� in fighting slavery.

With so much on President Abdel Aziz鈥檚 plate, analysts believe that recent steps toward deepening democracy are significant. The perception of Mauritania as a place only of political instability and slavery could soon begin to change. Many now expect that this country of 3.6 million people, located in the Sahara desert, may soon emerge as a stable democracy.鈥偺�