51吃瓜

Apapa is an industrial hub in Lagos, Nigeria鈥檚 bustling commercial capital that鈥檚 home to some 17 million people. Daily, the air in Apapa reverberates with the humming sound of electricity generators. In Apapa, as in most places in Nigeria, electricity generators power big factory plants and air cooling systems, as temperatures often top 30 degrees Celsius.

Nigerians expect the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), the entity charged with managing electricity production and distribution, to end decades of erratic energy service delivery. Despite national efforts to tackle the power crisis, half of Nigeria鈥檚 170 million people have no access to electricity. Hajiya Zainab Kuchi, a former Nigerian energy minister, once said: 鈥淲e must resolve to jointly exorcise the evil spirit behind this darkness.鈥� And Nigerians derisively refer to PHCN as 鈥淧lease Have Candles Nearby.鈥� Candles can be handy when there is a power outage at night. Before PHCN, there was the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), which performed so badly that it was itself nicknamed 鈥淣ever Expect Power Always.鈥�

But Nigeria needn鈥檛 be in a precarious power situation, argues Kandeh Yumkella, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Sustainable Energy for All, an initiative to mobilize resources for energy especially in the developing world. The country is endowed with 5 trillion cubic meters of gas reserves鈥攖he 9th highest in the world鈥攁nd 37 billion barrels of oil reserves, according to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Mr. Yumkella that Nigeria alone could potentially provide electricity for the whole of Africa. In addition to oil and gas, the country has coal, wind, thermal and sun鈥攁ll sources of energy.

Energy and industrialization

The Liberian power situation mirrors that of Nigeria. Rebel fighters destroyed Liberia鈥檚 energy infrastructure in 1990 and it was not until 2006 when streetlights were restored. 鈥淔or more than 14 years, Liberia has lived in darkness, literally and figuratively,鈥� wrote the New York Times in 2006. With financial assistance from the US government and the European Union, Liberia purchased a plant to supply power to the main hospitals and to streetlights. 鈥淲e have brought back what we finally call light at the end of the tunnel,鈥� said a visibly enthused President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, as she switched on the streetlights at an elaborate ceremony in July 2006.

Mr. Yumkella and other development experts believe that electricity oils the wheels of industrialization. Compare South Africa, Africa鈥檚 most industrialized nation, which generates 44,175 megawatts for its 51 million people, to Nigeria, Africa鈥檚 most populous nation, which generates about 3,200 megawatts. Simply put, per capita, South Africans consume 55 times more electricity than Nigerians.

Reliable Energy

鈥淭he cost of alternatives, mainly diesel generation, is at least four times the cost of a reliable power supply,鈥� notes the Guardian, a UK newspaper. Industries cannot be competitive in the international market if energy is a big chunk of production costs, adds Mr. Yumkella. 鈥淚t means somebody can buy your raw materials, take them to Asia or Europe, refine them and sell back processed goods to you.鈥�

Reliable energy doesn鈥檛 just pertain to industrialization, says the World Bank; it can be a tool to tackle poverty. With a steady flow of power, hospitals operate efficiently, people will choose gas cookers rather than wood or coal that pollute the environment, students can access the internet and plug into global information trends, railways operate efficiently, water supply is more reliable, bureaucracy runs efficiently鈥攙irtually everything relating to socioeconomic development revolves around energy.

An energy insecure continent

Yet, 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa generate only 68,000 megawatts of electricity, which is what just one country in Europe, Spain, produces, notes the World Bank. And of that figure, South Africa alone generates more than 44,000 megawatts. This means that without South Africa, sub-Saharan Africa鈥檚 electricity output is 24,000 megawatts, far less than 40,000 megawatts available in New York City. To compound matters, 鈥渢he low level of power generation is accompanied by correspondingly low rates of electrification. Less than a quarter of the population of sub-Saharan Africa has access to electricity,鈥� says the World Bank. In brief, 鈥淎frica is the world鈥檚 most energy insecure continent,鈥� says Mr. Yumkella.

There is definitely no shortage of energy sources in Africa. More than 90% of the continent鈥檚 hydropower, according to the bank, is not even exploited. Nigeria has oil and gas and South Africa has coal. Sudan has 6.4 billion barrels of gas reserves, Angola has 9 billion with smaller deposits in a few other countries. What then is the problem? Mr. Yumkella, a Sierra Leonean, explains: 鈥淚n the past we have not considered energy as part of poverty reduction.鈥� For a long time, he said, African states monopolized and mismanaged the energy sector. Emergency interventions in energy supply such as in Liberia鈥攁lso emulated by neighbouring Sierra Leone鈥攈ave been more impulsive than based on sound economics. Such an emergency approach 鈥渞epresents a planning and procurement failure on a colossal scale,鈥� according to a World Bank鈥檚 assessment, adding that the costs of procuring and running power plants in these countries 鈥渃ould rise up to 3% to 5% of GDP.鈥�

Power trade

Furthermore, there are huge unexploited energy resources in countries that are far from centres of demand. For example, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ethiopia have huge hydroelectric potential but are 鈥渇ar from the main economic centres in southern, western and northern Africa,鈥� the World Bank points out. And these countries鈥� economies are not robust enough to invest billions of dollars in hydroelectricity just for their own consumption. 鈥淪ome African countries have water, Guinea, for example. Some have gas [Nigeria, Angola] 鈥� there is a need to transmit from high production areas to places where they don鈥檛 have it but the demand is high,鈥� says Mr. Yumkella.

To resolve such a problem, African leaders recommend an integrated regional power strategy 鈥攎eaning that countries with better economics of scale in energy resources should consider investing in the sector and then sell to others. Countries spending huge amounts to purchase diesel oil or fuel for power plants are better off negotiating with a neighboring country for hydropower. Along this line, the Programme for the Infrastructure Development of Africa (PIDA), an African Union initiative, is backing a $22 billion project to develop a pan-African electricity highway by 2020.

Ethiopia鈥檚 strategy

Ethiopia wants to be an energy superpower and is crafting a 25-year master plan to potentially generate 60,000 megawatts from hydro, geothermal, wind and solar. That鈥檚 almost what all of sub-Saharan Africa currently generates. The country is building the Grand Renaissance Dam, the biggest ever on the continent which, on completion within the next three years, could produce 6,000 megawatts. In addition, a US-Icelandic company, Reykjavik Geothermal, is set to build a $4 billion geothermal plant that will generate 1,000 megawatts. Ethiopia has Africa鈥檚 largest wind farm from which it is generating 120 megawatts.

The country鈥檚 ambitious energy plan is like a magnet that is pulling in neigbouring countries. Djibouti, Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan, Rwanda, Tanzania and even Yemen, a non-African country, have signed power supply contracts with Ethiopia. At the same time, the World Bank and the African Development Bank (AfDB) are financing a transmission line capable of transporting 2,000 megawatts of electricity from Ethiopia to Kenya. Ethiopia is looking 鈥渁t energy as an export sector the way you export gold,鈥� notes Donald Kaberuka, head of the AfDB.

There is good news in other countries as well. For example, with support from the World Bank, Rwanda successfully completed its Electricity Rollout Access Programme in 2012, connecting one million homes to the national power grid. Ongoing reforms in Sierra Leone will soon brighten hopes for improved power for its six million people, according to the World Bank. South Africa is the world鈥檚 most attractive emerging solar energy country, reports Global Information Service, an organization that monitors evolution in energy transmission. The country could produce up to 8,500 megawatts from solar by 2030.

Nothing is impossible

Africa鈥檚 private sector is also jumping on the energy bandwagon. The Financial Times calls Nigeria鈥檚 energy privatization programme Africa鈥檚 most ambitious. Hopefully, this should eliminate mismanagement 鈥渨hile delivering cheap electricity.鈥� In July last year, US President Barack Obama announced in South Africa a 鈥淧ower Africa鈥� initiative that will raise $16 billion from private and public sectors to generate 10,000 megawatts of electricity for communities in sub-Saharan Africa. African philanthropists have pledged various amounts to this effort.

There is currently a sense of urgency about energy on the continent. Africa can leap-frog obsolete technologies to focus on those for exploiting low-carbon energy sources. 鈥淎frica has to be positioned to develop its renewable energy assets,鈥� writes Carlos Lopes, executive secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa, in a blog post. While the goal, says Mr. Yumkella, is to concentrate on renewable low-carbon sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, for now, 鈥渋t鈥檚 all energy sources鈥� we can be like Brazil. They have proven technology on ethanol. They have just discovered huge deposits of oil off their coast. Still they are pushing renewables heavily.鈥�

With all the efforts underway, how soon could Africa see sufficient light at the end of the dimly-lit energy tunnel? Mr. Yumkella believes that can happen within two decades. 鈥淣othing is impossible,鈥� he quips.鈥偺�