51吃瓜

A听few weeks after she was sworn in as Malawi鈥檚 first female president, Joyce Banda travelled to Liberia in late April 2012 to meet President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, who has occupied Liberia鈥檚 highest office since January 2006. Glowing in African attire, both leaders bantered like sisters during a press conference.听

鈥淭his is our day, this is our year, this is our decade,鈥� enthused Ms. Banda. 鈥淭he two of us have great strength,鈥� added Ms. Sirleaf. 鈥淭ogether, we can do more to empower women and to ensure that women鈥檚 role in society is enhanced.鈥� 听

After the media event, Duncan Cassell, Liberia鈥檚 gender minister, said, 鈥淣ow we have Joyce [Banda]. Ms. Sirleaf is not going to be lonely among men anymore.鈥澨�

To be sure, before Ms. Banda became president, photos of African leaders at African Union summits, for example, depicted a group of men surrounding Ms. Sirleaf, who had been the only female president in Africa then.

Gender equality advocates had further reason to celebrate when Catherine Samba-Panza was sworn in on 23 January 2014 as interim president of the Central African Republic (CAR), making her the fourth African female head of state. The first was Ruth Perry, who headed the Liberian transitional government for about a year from September 1996. Regrettably, Ms. Banda, the second woman to be seated as president, became the first to be unseated when she lost the elections, in what some say was a retaking of power by loyalists of the late President Bingu wa Mutharika.听

Rwanda leads the world

鈥淥ne of the most fascinating developments in African politics has been the increase in women鈥檚 political participation since the mid-1990s,鈥� writes Aili Mari Tripp, a professor of gender and women鈥檚 studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the US. Besides the four female heads of state, Ms. Tripp bases her upbeat assessment on the increasing number of women parliamentarians on the continent.听

Indeed, with 64% of seats held by women, Rwanda has the highest number of women parliamentarians in the world. Senegal, Seychelles and South Africa have more than 40% each, and Mozambique, Angola, Tanzania and Uganda are not far off, with women occupying over 35% of all parliamentary seats. Considering that women hold only 19% of the seats in the US congress and 20% in the senate, Ms. Tripp maintains that Africa has every right to be proud. What she did not say is that American women hold top positions in ministries, military and other top government departments, which is not the case in most African countries.

However, a survey on women鈥檚 participation in politics in 34 African countries by Afrobarometer, a research group that measures public perceptions of socioeconomic and political issues in Africa, notes that while countries such as Rwanda and South Africa may have numerically significant women鈥檚 parliamentary representation, some of the world鈥檚 worst performers are also on the continent. For example, women have only 6.2% representation in Swaziland, 6.7% in Nigeria and 8.4% in Benin.

Most Africans demand equality

Nevertheless, the good news is that a vast majority of Africans (72%) agree that women should have the same chance of being elected to political office as men, the Afrobarometer study found. The problem, again, is that this majority opinion on gender equality does not exist in some parts of the continent. While 74% of respondents in East Africa believe in women鈥檚 equality and 73% in Southern Africa, only 50% in North Africa agree that women should have the same rights as men. In fact, women鈥檚 leadership was rejected by 53% of respondents in Sudan and by 50% in Egypt.听

There are many reasons why women鈥檚 participation in politics is the key to good governance. Experts say women are key to the new breed of politicians who offer Africa the opportunity for democracy. It is interesting that the three female African leaders assumed office during crises or transitions. Ms. Sirleaf was elected after a 13-year devastating civil war; Ms. Banda, who had been vice president, took over after President Bingu wa Mutharika died in office; and Ms. Samba-Panza was sworn in amid rebellion and sectarian violence in the CAR and Ms. Perry headed the interim government following ceasefire negotiations that ended almost two decades of war.听

Not everyone believes women leaders are remarkably different from their male counterparts. Countries in Africa where women are leaders have not always been beacons of good governance, some observers say. But the reasons for this are deep-rooted and beyond the leadership capabilities of such female leaders.听

Obstacles to participation

Satang Nabanech, a women鈥檚 rights advocate and attorney from The Gambia, lists several social, cultural and economic barriers that inhibit women鈥檚 ability to make significant changes in politics. Ms. Nabanech cites patriarchal politics, or a belief that men must naturally make decisions and that the place for a woman is the home.听

In addition, women often lack skills, education and experience to survive in politics, Ms. Nabanech says, stressing that politics is expensive and many women lack the financial assets to succeed in it. 鈥淚t is difficult for women to participate in political life when their major concern is survival and they have no choice but to spend much of their time trying to fulfil the basic needs of families.鈥澨�

Violence in African politics may also discourage participation. Generally, women feel 鈥渁 sense of vulnerability to political intimidation and violence,鈥� notes the Afrobarometer survey.听 In Guinea, for instance, 64% of women say they are very concerned about political intimidation.听

Worldwide, efforts to enhance women鈥檚 political participation have shown progress in the past two decades. At the UN Beijing conference on women in 1995, delegates called on governments to听have women represent 30% of their governments.听

To achieve the Beijing target, some African governments have used different types of quotas to increase women鈥檚 participation in government. For example, Burkina Faso and Uganda have constitutional provisions reserving a certain number of parliamentary seats for women, Kenya has special seats for women representatives in parliament, while political parties in South Africa and Mozambique have adopted internal rules to ensure a certain percentage of women can vie for office.听

Some, however, attack quotas as ineffective. The pros and cons of quotas seem more like a debate over the means to an end. There is less of an argument over the desirability of having more听women in politics.听

Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, chairperson of the African Union, says that although the gap between men and women on political participation remains wide, 鈥渋n 46 countries across the world, women account for more than a quarter of all members of parliament. I am also proud to say that 14 of these countries are in Africa鈥�. When it comes to women鈥檚 political participation, Africa could well be on the right track.鈥�