51吃瓜

Railway and train station construction site in Angola, part of an agreement in which China helps build infrastructure in exchange for oil: With trade between Africa and China reaching $166 billion in 2011, the relationship is one of 鈥済ive and take.鈥�

Photo: Panos/Dieter Telemans

"China鈥檚 gift to Africa.鈥� The new headquarters of the African Union, a towering 20-storey building in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is so called because China picked up the $200 million tab for the state-of-the-art complex. Ethiopia鈥檚 tallest building, completed in December 2011 in time for an AU summit the following month, includes a 2,500-seat conference hall. The gift prompted Ethiopia鈥檚 late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi to refer to Africa鈥檚 current economic boom as a 鈥渞enaissance,鈥� due partly to China鈥檚 鈥渁mazing re-emergence and its commitments to a win-win partnership with Africa.鈥�

Not all Africans have welcomed China鈥檚 gift. West African political commentator Chika Ezeanya considers it an 鈥渋nsult to the AU and to every African that in 2012 a building as symbolic as the AU headquarters is designed, built and maintained by a foreign country.鈥� However, as African leaders savoured the swanky complex in January, they took turns thanking China.

China鈥檚 largess to Africa is not new. Previously China had either donated or assisted in building a hospital in Luanda, Angola; a road from Lusaka, Zambia鈥檚 capital, to Chirundu in the southeast; stadiums in Sierra Leone and Benin; a sugar mill and a sugarcane farm in Mali; and a water supply project in Mauritania, among other projects. At the fifth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, held in Beijing in July 2012, Chinese President Hu Jintao listed yet more, including 100 schools, 30 hospitals, 30 anti-malaria centres and 20 agricultural technology demonstration centres.

African leaders continue to insist that the relationship with China is not a one-way street and that it includes more trade than aid. Indeed, trade between Africa and China was $166 billion in 2011, according to the Economist, a UK weekly. 鈥淭he good thing about this partnership is that it鈥檚 a give and take,鈥� Faida Mitifu, the Democratic Republic of the Congo鈥檚 ambassador to the US, told the Reuters news agency.

Eye on the pie听

What then is China taking? In China Returns to Africa, a collection of essays published by Columbia University Press, the editors Chris Alden, Daniel Large and Ricardo Soares de Oliveira note, 鈥淭he overarching driver has been the Chinese government鈥檚 strategic pursuit of resources and attempts to ensure raw material supplies for growing energy needs within China.鈥� The world鈥檚 second-biggest economy currently buys more than one-third of Africa鈥檚 oil.

In addition, China鈥檚 industries are getting raw materials such as coal from South Africa, iron ore from Gabon, timber from Equatorial Guinea and copper from Zambia.

Chinese industries also require new markets for their products and Africa is a potentially enormous outlet. 鈥淐hina is repositioning itself continuously for the new Africa that鈥檚 emerging,鈥� says Kobus van der Wath, founder of Beijing Axis, an international advisory and procurement firm based in Beijing.

Chinese products have flooded markets in Johannesburg, Luanda, Lagos, Cairo, Dakar and other cities, towns and villages in Africa. Those goods include clothing, jewellery, electronics, building materials and much more. 鈥淓ven little things like matches, tea bags, children鈥檚 toys and bathing soaps are coming from China,鈥� says Bankole Aluwe of Alaba market in Lagos, Nigeria.

African consumers like Chinese products because they are affordable. 鈥淐hinese goods are cheaper than those from Europe and North America. In our business, price is very important to customers,鈥� Mr. Aluwe says.听

Groundbreaking ceremony for a stadium in Lusaka, Zambia, to be built by a Chinese company: Sometimes language and other cultural differences can contribute to social tensions.

Photo: Thomas Lekfeldt / Moment / Redux

Largest trading partner听

In an article in This Is Africa, a Financial Times publication, Sven Grimm and Daouda Ciss茅 state that in recent years China鈥檚 economy at times has grown at more than 10 per cent a year, while cheap labour has helped reduce production costs 鈥� hence cheaper products. They also note, 鈥淭he low level of the yuan [the Chinese currency] compared to the other major world trading currencies such as the US dollar, the euro and the yen鈥� attracts African importers.

Already trade between Africa and China has grown at a breathtaking pace. It was $10.5 billion in 2000, $40 billion in 2005 and $166 billion in 2011. China is currently Africa鈥檚 largest trading partner, having surpassed the US in 2009. The Chinese government is eager to cement China鈥檚 dominance by burnishing its image through initiatives such as a $20 billion credit to African countries to develop infrastructure and the African Talents Programme, which is intended to train 30,000 Africans in various sectors.

China鈥檚 give-and-take relationship also plays out in other forms. Chinese construction firms are acquiring enormous construction contracts. The China Railway Construction Corp. (CRC) signed a $1.5 billion contract in September 2012 to modernize a railway system in western Nigeria. That same month, China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock Corporation, the largest train manufacturer in China, signed a $400 million deal to supply locomotives to a South African firm, Transnet. In February 2012 the CRC announced projects in Nigeria, Djibouti and Ethiopia worth about $1.5 billion in total.

Not all is rosy听

China鈥檚 inroads into Africa鈥檚 agricultural sector include the 20 demonstration centres that President Hu said will 鈥渉elp African countries increase production capacity.鈥� But there was a backlash when the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo leased thousands of unutilized hectares of land to ZTE International, a Chinese company, in a deal that Oxfam, a UK charity, and others have labelled a 鈥渓and grab.鈥�

The 鈥渓and grab鈥� accusation may be overstated, according to a study by the UK鈥檚 Standard Chartered Bank. But the authors of the study believe that in the longer term China could well seek to import much more food from Africa which, by World Bank estimates, has 60 per cent of the world鈥檚 uncultivated land. 鈥淕iven Africa鈥檚 potential, China is likely to turn towards it.鈥�

The furore over land adds to growing criticisms of the manner of China鈥檚 aggressive Africa penetration. Many Africans often refer to the poor quality of Chinese products and blame their low prices for the collapse of local industries. Comatex and Batexci, two leading textile companies in Mali, have been severely affected by cheap fabrics from Asia (see Africa Renewal April 2012). 鈥淗undreds of textile factories collapsed across Nigeria because they could not compete with cheap Chinese garments,鈥� noted the Economist, which approvingly added that the Tanzanian government has stopped Chinese from selling in that country鈥檚 markets. Chinese are welcome as investors, but not as 鈥渧endors or shoe shiners,鈥� said the Economist. In May, Neil Bruce, head of Zimbabwe鈥檚 Furniture Manufacturers Association, told the country鈥檚 parliament that imported Chinese furniture, 鈥渨hich is not strong,鈥� is crippling the local furniture industry.

Performance assessments of some Chinese investors have not been stellar. The managers of Chinese-run mines in Zambia have been accused of not taking adequate safety measures for their local workers. A Chinese oil firm is exploring in a Gabonese national park, angering environmentalists.

Bridging the culture gap听

On the flip side, Chinese investors face huge challenges in Africa. In an article in the Globe and Mail, a Canadian newspaper, David Berman maintained that cultural differences between Chinese and Africans, including the language barriers, often lead to social tensions, and that poor infrastructure in Africa makes business operations difficult. Frequent power outages in some countries raise production costs, while policies towards businesses are inconsistent. African governments can raise taxes at a whim. And most African economies are still fragile, subject to shocks from the global economy.听

China hopes to minimize social tensions by bridging the information gap. Xinhua, China鈥檚 state-run news agency, has increased its bureaus in Africa to more than 20. In 2008 the China Africa News service was launched, to report 鈥淐hina-Africa news stories from African, Chinese and Western sources.鈥� In early 2012 China Central Television (CCTV) opened a broadcast hub in Nairobi, Kenya 鈥� its first outside of its Beijing headquarters. Its strategy has been to hire some of Africa鈥檚 brightest journalists to report on Africa to viewers in about 170 countries.

鈥淲e have the news of what is happening in Africa, we tell a positive story,鈥� says Pang Xinhua, the CCTV managing editor. But Yu-Shan Wu, a researcher at the South African Institute of International Affairs, sees a broader motive. 鈥淐hina is actively introducing its culture and values,鈥� she says, and calls the push 鈥渢he rise of China鈥檚 state-led media dynasty in Africa.鈥�

A worker hauling a bag of rice at a Chinese-owned supermarket in South Africa: Chinese products have flooded markets across Africa, benefiting consumers but sometimes driving African manufacturers out of business.

Photo: Africa Media Online / Jonathan Katsenellenbogen

Western concerns听

In the view of David Shinn, former US ambassador to Burkina Faso and Ethiopia, the West is nervous about China鈥檚 activities in Africa. Mr. Shinn adds that China鈥檚 policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of African countries and its fast approach to aid delivery make听it more attractive than Western donors, whose aid often comes with demands to improve human rights and democracy.

US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton recently warned against a 鈥渘ew colonialism in Africa,鈥� in which it is 鈥渆asy to come in, take out natural resources, pay off leaders and leave.鈥� It was a veiled jab at China, according to the Guardian, a UK newspaper. But Ms. Clinton鈥檚 point echoed across the continent, and it appears that African leaders are now treading cautiously.

South African President Jacob Zuma warned in July that the current 鈥渦nbalanced鈥� trade pattern is unsustainable. He was referring to the tendency of Africa to export raw materials to China while largely importing only cheap manufactured goods. Maged Abdelaziz, the UN Secretary-General鈥檚 special adviser on Africa, told Africa Renewal that the continent must develop a strategy for its dealings with emerging economic giants such as China, Brazil and India.听

Along this line, talks began in South Africa in June 2011 to merge three regional trade groupings (the East African Community, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and the Southern African Development Community) into a 鈥済rand free trade area鈥� incorporating 26 countries with a combined gross domestic product of $1 trillion. Such听a combined strength could give听Africa a more assertive voice at the negotiating table.

The China-Africa relationship will get stronger. The editors of China Returns to Africa sum it up: So long as Africa鈥檚 development requires huge foreign investments, so long will China continue to be relevant. 鈥淚rrespective of the concerns being voiced in some circles in Africa, Chinese involvement is widely considered to be a positive-sum game.鈥濃��