??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????. ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? 1 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? (????)? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????.
???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????. ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
???????? ??? ??? 1972? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? 40 ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? 1 ??? 27 ??? 1 ??? 3.
???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????([1]) ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????
”??? ???????? ?????????“ ?? ????????? ???????? ”???? ????? ?????? ??????“? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ”???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????“. ???? ?????? ?????? ”???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ????????“([2]).
???????? ?????? ”?????? ????“ ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? 2007? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 1.75 ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
???????? ????? ?? ????? ”?????? ????“? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? 5 ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ”????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????“. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????.
???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? 5.
???????? ?????? 5-2: ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????????.
???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 2005? ?????? ???? ????? 50 ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? 15 ?????.
???????? ”????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????“ ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ”?????? ????“ ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? 65000 ?? ????????? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????.
???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? 90 ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???? ?? ????? 87 ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????????
???? ?? ?????? ???? 97 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????([3]).
?????? 5-3: ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????.
???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????([4]) ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? (??? ?????? ??????? ?? 15 ??? 19 ?????) ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????([5]). ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? 23 ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????([6]).
???????? ???? ??? 2013? ???? ????? ”???? ????? ?????“ ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ”????? ??????? ???????“? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? 12 ??? 17 ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
???????? ?????? 5-6: ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????.
???????? ?? ”????? ??? ????? ???????“ ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????/??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ”????? ?????“? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????([7])? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?. ??. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ”????? ??? ????? ???????“ ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????/ ??????.
???????? ?????? 5-5: ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????.
???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? 45 ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 2016 ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????([8]) ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? (????)? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? FC Johansen? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????.
???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ”???????? ????“? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ”????“? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
???????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????.
???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? 10 ? 13 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.
???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????.
?
???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? (????? ”?????? ????“)? ????? ??????? (????? ??? ????? ?? ????????)? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? - ????? (Hogan Lovells).
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???????
?????? ([1]) Phoebe Clarke and Ian Ayres, “The Chastain effect: using Title IX to measure the causal effect of participating in high school sports on adult women’s social lives”, The Journal of Socio-Economics, vol.?48 (February 2014), pp. 62-71? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? .
??? ([2]) ?????? ????? ???????? 70 ? 63. ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? Reed W. Larson ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????. ????Reed W. Larson of the University of Illinois, analyzing the development of initiative in the best suited contexts, such as sports, arts and participation in organizations. See Reed W. Larson, “Toward a psychology of positive youth development”, American Psychologist, vol. 55, No. 1
(January 2000), pp. 170-83.
??? ([3]) Women Win, “Building young women’s leadership through sport, 2013?2015”, Programme Evaluation ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????: (??????? ???? ?? 29 ??????/ ??????2016).
??? ([4]) Sanyukta Mathur, Margaret Greene and Anju Malhotra, “Too young to wed: the lives, rights, and health of young married girls”, Research report (Washington, D.C., The International Center for Research on Women, 2003). ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????: .
??? ([5]) ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (????????)? The?51吃瓜 Children's Fund?(UNICEF), Child Protection, Child Marriage: Current Status + Progress, Child marriage is a violation of human rights, but is all too common. Updated June 2016. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????: (??????? ???? ?? 29 ??????/ ????? 2016).
??? ([6]) Anju Malhotra and others, “Solutions to end child marriage: what the evidence shows”, Research report (Washington, D.C., The International Center for Research on Women, 2011) ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? .
??? ([7]) ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ”????? ??? ????? ???????“ ??? ?????? ??????: (??????? ???? ?? 29 ??????/ ????? 2016).
??? ([8]) International Olympic Committee, “Women in the Olympic Movement”, Factsheet (Lausanne, 2016). ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????: .
?
????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
