51吃瓜

Editorial Manual 

Indirect or reported speech

Indirect speech conveys a report of something that was said or written rather than the exact words that were spoken or written. It is used in many 51吃瓜 documents, including summary records and reports on the proceedings of intergovernmental bodies. Indirect speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.

When converting direct, or quoted, speech to indirect, or reported, speech, several changes must be made. First, it is necessary to add a principal, or reporting, clause that contains a verb of saying, thinking or reporting in the past tense (She stated that...). Next, a corresponding shift is made in the verb tenses, pronouns and certain other words in the original statement:

In a summary of a speech or discussion, the reporting clause must be added initially to establish the pattern of indirect speech but should not be included in every subsequent sentence. The shift in verb tenses, pronouns and other words signals the fact that the words are being reported.

Verb tenses

The verb tenses are normally changed as follows:

The following examples illustrate these rules:

Present to past tense

Even though the original statement may still be valid at the time of reporting, the verb is changed from the present to the past tense since it must agree with the verb in the main clause, which, whether stated or understood, is in the past tense.

          Note: This rule is not necessarily applied to statements that are universally true:

          The speaker noted that, under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has [not had] the right to life, liberty and security of person.

         However, in summary records, the verb is always changed from the present to the past:

The speaker noted that, under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone had the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Present perfect to past perfect tense

Past to past perfect tense

Past perfect tense (no change)

Future to secondary future tense

Future perfect to secondary future perfect tense

Conditional tense (no change)

Special verb forms

Some auxiliary verbs, such as must and ought to, have only one form, which is used in both direct and indirect speech. When should is used as an auxiliary, the form does not change either.

The infinitive form can often be used to avoid cumbersome or awkward constructions in reported speech.

In that-clauses with verbs such as demand, ask, recommend and suggest, either the present subjunctive (He suggested that the Committee adopt the text) or should plus the infinitive (He suggested that the Committee should adopt the text) may be used.

Pronouns, possessives and demonstratives

The changes required in pronouns, possessive adjectives and demonstratives are as follows:

Adverbs and adjectives

Adverbs and adjectives denoting time and place may have to be changed as follows:

Questions and exclamations

The rules set out above also apply to questions and exclamations. In addition, the final punctuation mark (question mark or exclamation point) should be changed to a full stop (period) in an indirect statement. In some cases, the word order may have to be changed slightly. When converting a direct question to an indirect one, the subject and verb often have to be inverted.

Question

Exclamation

Differing styles in reports

A mixture of direct and indirect styles in a summary of a statement or discussion should be avoided whenever possible. When, however, an account of the proceedings of an intergovernmental body is followed by the conclusions or recommendations put forward by the body, different tenses are often used. While the proceedings are summarized in indirect speech (past tense), the conclusions or recommendations are normally written in the present tense. In such cases, the conclusions and recommendations should be clearly set off from the summary by means of a heading or subheading.