51³Ô¹Ï

2011 §Ô§à§Õ :

?§´§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ñ: §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§Ö §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ö §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç 30 §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü?

 

§£ §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î §à §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó§Ñ§ç §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§ñ §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û  §à§ä 17 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2007 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §á§â§à§Ó§à§Ù§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ñ 25 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ §Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ö§Ø§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§à. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ §å§é§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ä§î §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§à-§á§â§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§å §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§ñ§ç §Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §á§â§à§é§Ö§Ô§à, §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ß§Ñ §à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ §à §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ö §Ú §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, §ã §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §â§Ñ§Ù§ì§ñ§ã§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ú§Þ §á§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß, §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §Ú §å§â§à§Ü§à§Ó §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ§Ú §é§â§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ä§í §â§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ù§Þ §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§â§Ñ§ã§ã§å§Õ§Ü§Ú?.

§£ §ß§í§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Þ §Ô§à§Õ§å §Þ§Ö§â§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ, §á§à§ã§Ó§ñ§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ï§ä§à§Û §Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö, §Ò§å§Õ§å§ä §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§í §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§Þ§à§Û ?§´§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ñ: §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§Ö §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ö §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç 30 §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü?.

§±§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§â§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §á§à §ï§ä§à§Û §ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §Ò§å§Õ§å§ä §á§à§ã§Ó§ñ§ë§Ö§ß§í §á§à§Ú§ã§Ü§å §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §â§ñ§Õ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§à§Ó: §¬§ä§à §ï§ä§Ú §Ý§ð§Õ§Ú? §¬§Ñ§Ü §ã§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ú§ç §ã§å§Õ§î§Ò§í? §¹§ä§à §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú §à§ß§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å §Ó §ä§Ö§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ú§ç §á§à§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú? §¬§Ñ§Ü§å§ð §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î §à §ã§Ö§Ò§Ö §à§ß§Ú §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §å§â§à§Ü§Ú §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ý§Ö§Ü §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Þ§Ú§â §Ú§Ù §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Þ§â§Ñ§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ï§á§Ú§Ù§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ?

 

§±§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§ð §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§ß§ñ §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú | §¥§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í | §¥§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§í

 

§°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ

 

Slave Ship ¨C Sighting an English Cruiser

C §ß§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§Ú§é§î§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§à§â§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§é§Ö§ß §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ö§â. §¯§Ñ §â§Ú§ã§å§ß§Ü§Ö §Ú§Ù §Ö§Ø§Ö§ß§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ Harpers Weekly, 1874 §Ô§à§Õ, §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß §ß§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§Ú§é§Ú§Û §Ü§à§â§Ñ§Ò§Ý§î §å §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Þ§à§â§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ò§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó §¡§æ§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ô§Õ§Ö §à§ß §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý §ß§Ñ §Ò§à§â§ä §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§å§ð §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ð §â§Ñ§Ò§à§Ó. §¯§Ñ §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ö§â, §Ú §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ §ß§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§Ú§é§î§Ö§Ô§à §Ü§à§â§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ñ §Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §á§à§Õ§ì§Ö§Þ§å §á§Ñ§â§å§ã§Ñ, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §á§à§á§í§ä§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ú§Ù§Ò§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ú.

 

§±§à §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ§Þ §À§¯§¦§³§¬§°, §Ó §ï§á§à§ç§å §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú ¡ª §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ú §Ó §é§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §á§à§Ó§Ú§ß§ß§í§ç §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û ¡ª §Ú§Ù §¡§æ§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ó§í§Ó§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§à 25¨C30 §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Ñ§æ§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§è§Ö§Ó. §¯§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §å§Ó§à§Ù§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ó §Ü§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Ý§í §Ó §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §³§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §Ú §À§Ø§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §¬§Ñ§â§Ú§Ò§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Û§ß§Ñ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §à§ß§Ú, §Ñ §Ù§Ñ §ä§Ö§Þ §Ú §Ú§ç §á§à§ä§à§Þ§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ §á§â§à§ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó§Ö§Ü§à§Ó §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ß§Ö§Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Þ§í§Þ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ.

§·§à§ä§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ñ, §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ§ã§ñ 400 §Ý§Ö§ä, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Þ §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú, §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ñ§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§í §ï§ä§à§Û §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ö§Ö §Õ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §à§ë§å§ë§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö, §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§í §ã§Ý§Ñ§Ò§à. §ª§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à, §é§ä§à §ã §Ü§à§ß§è§Ñ XV §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §¡§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §à§Ü§Ö§Ñ§ß ¡ª §ß§Ö§Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ô§â§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ö§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ, §Þ§Ö§ê§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§í§Þ §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ñ§Þ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ§Ú §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ, §Ò§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §à§ß §à§Þ§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý, ¡ª §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§à§Þ §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§í§ç §á§å§ä§Ö§Û, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§Ü§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§å§Õ§Ö§Ò §¡§æ§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í, §³§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §Ú §À§Ø§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §¬§Ñ§â§Ú§Ò§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ. §³§ä§Ö§â§Ø§ß§Ö§Ó§í§Þ §ï§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ñ. §©§Ñ §ä§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ, §á§à§Ü§Ñ §à§ß§Ú §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î, §Õ§ß§à §à§Ü§Ö§Ñ§ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §Ó §à§Ò§ë§å§ð §Þ§à§Ô§Ú§Ý§å §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §ß§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §ä§â§å§Õ§ß§í§Û §á§å§ä§î.


§±§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§ð §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§ß§ñ §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú

25 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 2011 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ

 

§´§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ñ §à§Ô§â§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Þ §Ò§Ö§Ù§Ó§Ú§ß§ß§í§ç §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó §ß§Ñ §á§â§à§ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö§ç §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§Û §Ú §á§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú §Þ§Ñ§ã§ê§ä§Ñ§Ò§ß§í§ç §ä§â§Ñ§Ô§Ö§Õ§Ú§Û §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §·§à§ä§ñ §å§Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à §à§ä§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§à §å§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§à, §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ö§Þ§å §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ö§ë§Ö §Ó§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§Þ §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú §á§à §ã§Ö§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î ¡ª §à§ä §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ó§à§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§Ý§í §Ú §á§à§Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ò§í§ä§å §Õ§à §á§â§Ú§ß§å§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ú§ç §Ò§â§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó, §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ú §Ø§Ö§ß §Ú §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ö§ä§î§Þ§Ú.

§°§Ò§ê§Ú§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä §ï§ä§Ú §å§Ø§Ñ§ã§í, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ§å §â§ñ§Õ§å §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û, §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§í§ç §À§¯§¦§³§¬§°. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §ß§Ñ§Þ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§Ö §Ö§ë§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §å§Ù§ß§Ñ§ä§î §à §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§ç §Ñ§æ§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§è§Ö§Ó, §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú§Ù §â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ã§ä §Ú §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§ê§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§à§Ü§à§Þ§å §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §à §Ò§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú§ç §á§à§ä§à§Þ§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §à §ä§Ö§ç §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ§ç, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §à§ë§å§ë§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ. §±§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §ä§Ö§Þ§à§Û §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§ß§ñ §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú, §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§Þ§à§Ô§à §Ó §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ô§à§Õ§å, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ: ?§¨§Ú§Ó§à§Ö §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ö 30 §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Û?.

§ª§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ð §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Þ§í §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§í §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §ª§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §á§à§ã§í§Ý§Ü§Ú §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §á§à§é§Ó§å §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§è§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§ä§à§Û §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Þ§í §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ñ§Ö§Þ §à§ã§Ó§Ö§Õ§à§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §à §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§ç §â§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ú §ß§Ö§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§Ú. §¡ §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à§Ö §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§í §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§Þ §ï§ä§à §Ó §ï§ä§à§ä §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î, ¡ª §ã §å§é§Ö§ä§à§Þ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §ß§Ñ §ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ §¸§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ó §¯§î§ð-§«§à§â§Ü§Ö §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Þ§Ö§Þ§à§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý §Ú §é§ä§à 2011 §Ô§à§Õ §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §Ô§à§Õ §Ý§Ú§è §Ñ§æ§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, ¡ª §Þ§í §Ó §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Õ§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à §ä§Ö§ç, §Ü§ä§à §Ò§í§Ý §ã§ä§à§Ý§î §Ò§Ö§Ù§Ø§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§ä§ß§à §Ý§Ú§ê§Ö§ß §Ö§Ô§à.

§°§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§ñ §ï§ä§à§ä §Õ§Ö§ß§î, §Þ§í §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ä§î §ç§å§Õ§ê§Ú§Þ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û. §¯§à §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ó §á§â§à§ê§Ý§í§ç §Ú §ß§í§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§ç §á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ç §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Þ§í §Ó§à§ã§á§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Ú §Ý§å§é§ê§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ ¡ª §Ó §à§ä§Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ç, §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§ç, §ß§Ö§Ó§Ù§Ú§â§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §Ó §Ñ§Ò§à§Ý§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ç, §Ò§â§à§ã§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §Ó§í§Ù§à§Ó §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ö§Þ§å §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §Ó §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ò§à§â§è§Ñ§ç §ã §ß§Ö§ä§Ö§â§á§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ú §ß§Ö§ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§î§ð. §¢§å§Õ§å§é§Ú §á§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í, §ï§ä§Ú §Ô§Ö§â§à§Ú §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä, §é§ä§à §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§Ñ §Ù§Ñ §å§Ó§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Õ§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Û §Þ§à§ë§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§Ý§à§Û. 

§´§Ñ§Ü §á§å§ã§ä§î §Ø§Ö §ï§ä§Ñ §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ó§à§à§Õ§å§ê§Ö§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§ã §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ. §¥§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§Þ §á§à§Þ§ß§Ú§ä§î §à§Ò§à §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ø§Ö§â§ä§Ó§Ñ§ç §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §Ú §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ç §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §ª §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§ã§ñ §Ú§ã§Ü§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§î §á§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§å§ð §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§å §â§Ñ§Ù §Ú §ß§Ñ§Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ.

 


§¥§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í

 

  • §²§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§Ú §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú:
    • §²§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ú §à §á§â§à§Ó§à§Ù§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §¥§ß§ñ ()
  • §²§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§Ú §¿§¬§°§³§°§³:
  • §¥§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§ñ:

 

§¥§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ

  •  (2000 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  (2000 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  (1965 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  (1962 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  (1956 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  (1953 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  (1949 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  (1948 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  (1926 §Ô§à§Õ)

 

§¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ (§®§°§´)

  •  [§¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ 182] (1999 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  [§¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ ¡í 138 ] (1973 §Ô§à§Õ)
  •  [§¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ ¡í 105 ] (1957 §Ô§à§Õ) a
  •  [§¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ ¡í 29 ] (1930 §Ô§à§Õ)

 


§¥§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§í

§±§Ý§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§ä

 

§³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §°§°§¯

  • &²Ô²ú²õ±è;(§µ§£§¬§±§¹)

 

§®§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§í §á§à §ä§Ö§Þ§Ö

  • §°§°§¯ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û §Ú §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§í:

 

§¥§ß§Ú, §Ô§à§Õ§í §Ú §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ


  • (25 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 2007 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ)
  •  (23 §Ñ§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä§Ñ)
  •  (2 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ)
  •  (2004 §Ô§à§Õ)