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§µ§Ó§Ö§Õ§à§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §ß§Ö§Þ§è§Ñ§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ë§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §à§ä §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó, §à§Ò§ì§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó 1 §Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§ñ 1933 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ò§à§Û§Ü§à§ä §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ú §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§Þ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #14995. Courtesy of Hans Levi. Source Record ID: Collections: 1992.40.2. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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1 §Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§ñ 1933 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ: §ä§à§Ý§á§Ñ §ß§Ö§Þ§è§Ö§Ó §å §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§ñ§Þ §Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ß§Ñ, §Ó §Ó§Ú§ä§â§Ú§ß§Ö §Ó§í§Ó§Ö§ê§Ö§ß §á§Ý§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§ä ?§¯§Ö §á§à§Ü§å§á§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö §å §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó?. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #78589. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. Source Record ID: 306-NT-178.

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§¿§ä§à §à§Ò§ì§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ú§ä: ?§±§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ã§ß§í§Û §Ô§à§â§à§Õ §¤§Ö§â§ã§Ò§â§å§Ü, §ï§ä§à§ä §ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Û §å§Ô§à§Ý§à§Ü §Ù§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ú, §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§Þ§è§Ö§Ó, §Ñ §ß§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó. §±§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§ñ§Þ §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î §ß§Ö §â§Ñ§Õ§í?. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #74592. Courtesy of John Howell. Source Record ID: Collections: 2002.216.1.

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Oral history conducted by Beth B. Cohen, Providence, R.I., 7 April 1994. Courtesy of Beth B. Cohen.

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§£ §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§Ñ§â§Ü§Ñ§ç §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ ?§ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó?. §°§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§Ö §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§å ?J? (Jude ¨C §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û [§ß§Ö§Þ.]) §ß§Ñ §ã§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§Û§Ü§Ö. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #62547. Courtesy of Ralph Harpuder. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§±§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ó §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö, §á§à§ã§Ö§ë§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ê§Ü§à§Ý§å §¬§Ñ§â§Ý§Ö§Ò§Ñ§ç §Ó §­§Ö§Û§á§è§Ú§Ô§Ö, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §£ 1935 §Ô§à§Õ§å §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§í §à §ã§Ö§Ô§â§Ö§Ô§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Õ§Ö§ä§ñ§Þ §á§à§ã§Ö§ë§Ñ§ä§î §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ê§Ü§à§Ý§í §Ó §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §£ §­§Ö§Û§á§è§Ú§Ô§Ö §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ §¬§Ñ§â§Ý§Ö§Ò§Ñ§ç§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§ß§à§Û §ê§Ü§à§Ý§à§Û. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #67856. Courtesy of Irene Lewitt. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Provenance: Irene Lewitt.

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§³§Ý§Ñ§Û§Õ §Ú§Ù §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§á§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ö§Ü§è§Ú§Ú ?§°§ã§Ü§Ó§Ö§â§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§í?, §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û §ä§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö ?§ã§Þ§Ö§ê§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö? §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú §ß§Ö§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§Ñ§â§í, §ã §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ: ?§¨§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §Ú §Õ§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ü§Ú, §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ú - §Ó§Ñ§ê§Ñ §á§à§Ô§Ú§Ò§Ö§Ý§î!?. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #49776. Courtesy of Library of Congress and Roland Klemig. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§³§ä§å§Õ§Ú§Û§ß§í§Û §á§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä §´§Ö§â§Ö§Ù§Ú§Ú §²§Ö§Û§ß§ç§Ñ§â§Õ§ä (§â. 1921 §Ô.) - §ã§Ú§ß§ä§Ú, §ä§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§è§í §Ó §£§ð§â§è§Ò§å§â§Ô§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §à§á§Ö§â§Ö §Ó §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú, 1942 §Ô§à§Õ. §£ 1942 §Ô§à§Õ§å §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§í §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ý§Ú §´§Ö§â§Ö§Ù§Ú§ð §á§â§Ú§ß§å§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #33336. Courtesy of Rita Prigmore. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Source Record ID: Collections: 2004.226.1.

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§·§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §¤§à§ä§ä§ç§à§Ý§î§Õ §ã§à §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ö§ä§î§Þ§Ú §¤§Ú§Ù§Ö§Ý§à§Û §Ú §¤§Ö§â§Õ§à§Þ. §·§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ, §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §Ü ?§³§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ §ª§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§í?, §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §Ñ§â§Ö§ã§ä§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ù§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ú §Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§í §Ú §à§Ò§Ö§Ù§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ó §ä§ð§â§î§Þ§Ö §±§Ý§×§ä§è§Ö§ß§Ù§Ö§Ö 8 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1944 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¦§Ö §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ø§Ú§Ó§í. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #20499. Courtesy of Martin Tillmans. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Source Record ID: Collections: 1991.204.

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§¶§â§Ú§Õ§â§Ú§ç-§±§Ñ§å§Ý§î §æ§à§ß §¤§â§à§ã§ã§ç§Ñ§Û§Þ §Ò§í§Ý §Ñ§â§Ö§ã§ä§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ù§Ñ §ä§à, §é§ä§à §Ò§í§Ý §Ô§Ö§Ö§Þ. §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§í §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ý§Ú §Ö§Ô§à §å§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ú §á§í§ä§Ü§Ñ§Þ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives # ID5364. Courtesy of Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§«§à§Ù§Ö§æ §®§å§ê§Ñ §®§ð§Ý§Ý§Ö§â §â§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó 1932 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ó §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó §ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ö §â§à§Þ§Ñ. §£ 1942 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Õ§Ó§à§Ö §ß§Ö§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§è§Ö§Ó §Ù§Ñ§Ò§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ö§Ô§à §Ú§Ù §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ. §¦§Ô§à §á§â§Ú§ß§å§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ã§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ú §Ó 1944 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Õ§Ö§á§à§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Û §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§î §¢§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§ß-§¢§Ö§Ý§î§Ù§Ö§ß. §«§à§Ù§Ö§æ§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Û§ß§à §Ó§í§Ó§Ö§Ù§Ý§Ú §à§ä§ä§å§Õ§Ñ, §Ú §Õ§à §Ü§à§ß§è§Ñ §Ó§à§Û§ß§í §à§ß §ã§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó §ã§Ñ§Õ§à§Ó§à§Þ §ã§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ö. - Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ID Cards. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/id-card/joseph-muscha-mueller

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§¥§à§é§î §Ò§Ö§Ý§à§Û §ß§Ö§Þ§Ü§Ú §Ú §é§Ö§â§ß§à§Ü§à§Ø§Ö§Ô§à §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §Ò§Ö§Ý§í§ç §à§Õ§ß§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó, §®§ð§ß§ç§Ö§ß, 1936 §Ô§à§Õ. §ª§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§à §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §Ý§Ö§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §á§à §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö, §ï§ä§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú ?§â§Ñ§ã§à§Ó§à§Þ§å §à§ä§Ò§à§â§å? §Ó §¤§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§í §Ú §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ, §¥§â§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ö§ß, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. - Copyright the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of the Library of Congress.

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§¿§Ý§Ý§Ö§ß §®§Ñ§â§Ü§Ö§Ó§Ú§é §Ú §Ö§Ö §Ò§â§Ñ§ä§å §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §á§à§Ü§Ú§ß§å§ä§î §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ó 1939 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §ã§á§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ?§¬§Ú§ß§Õ§Ö§â§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä?, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §Ó§í§Ó§Ö§Ù§ä§Ú §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§Ú §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú, §¡§Ó§ã§ä§â§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §¹§Ö§ç§à§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ú §Ó§à §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ð, §¯§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§í §Ú §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §ã 1938 §á§à 1940 §Ô§à§Õ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives # 61853B. Courtesy of Ellen Gerber. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§°§á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§î §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ú §Ó §²§å§Þ§í§ß§Ú§Ú, §¯§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§ç, §¢§Ö§Ý§î§Ô§Ú§Ú, §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. - France: gift of Gershia Luxenburg; Belgium: gift of Augusta Kaplan; the Netherlands: gift of Julia Schor. All from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection.

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§¹§Ý§Ö§ß§í §ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ú §¢§Ý§à§Ò§ê§ä§Ñ§Û§ß (§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§à): §¤§Ö§â§ê§Ú, §·§Ñ§ñ §Ú §Ú§ç §Õ§Ó§à§ð§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §Ò§â§Ñ§ä §®§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ö§ç (1928¨C2022) §Ó §¢§å§Õ§Ñ§á§Ö§ê§ä§Ö, §£§Ö§ß§Ô§â§Ú§ñ, 1944 §Ô§à§Õ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #99604. Courtesy of Michael Blain. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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RG Number: RG-50.030.0127, Oral History of Edward Lessing. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC..

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§³§Ó§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ò§ß§í§Û §á§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§Ó§Ó§Ú§ß§Ñ §ª§è§ç§Ñ§Ü§Ñ §¦§Õ§Ó§Ñ§Ò§Ñ (1912-1971) §Ú §­§Ö§ß§ß§Ú §¬§â§à§á§Ó§Ö§Ý§î§Õ (1922-2021). §µ §à§Ò§à§Ú§ç §ß§Ñ §à§Õ§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö ¨C §Ù§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ñ §¥§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§å§ð §á§à §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§å §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§î §Ó§ã§Ö §Ô§à§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ú. §¯§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§í, 1942 §Ô§à§Õ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #81799. Courtesy of Lennie Jade. Copyright the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Source Record ID: ?/162. Second Record ID: Collections: 2012.242.

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§¶§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§ã §¯§å§ã§ã§Ò§Ñ§å§Þ (1904¨C1944). §¡§Ó§ä§à§á§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä §ã §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §å§Õ§à§ã§ä§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ý§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1943 §Ô. - Courtesy of Felix-Nussbaum-Haus at Museumquartier Osnabr¨¹ck, loan from the Nieders?chsische Sparkassenstiftung.Foto: Museumquartier Osnabr¨¹ck. Photographer: Christian Grovermann.

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§±§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§Û §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§ñ§Þ §Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ß §Ó §¢§Ö§â§Ý§Ú§ß§Ö, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§â§à§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ó ?§·§â§å§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §ß§à§é§î? 1938 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. 10 §ß§à§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1938 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #86838. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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Courtesy of Yale University Press.

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§³§Ú§Þ§æ§à§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §à§â§Ü§Ö§ã§ä§â §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à. §¤§Ö§ä§ä§à §Ó §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, 1942 §Ô§à§Õ. - Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature #4613_659, 1942. Courtesy of Moshe Shalvi. Copyright Yad Vashem.

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§¤§â§å§á§á§à§Ó§à§Ö §æ§à§ä§à §å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ê§Ü§à§Ý§í §Ó §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à §Ó §®§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ö, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, 1940 §Ô§à§Õ. - Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature 5187_3. Courtesy of Irena Eber. Copyright Yad Vashem.

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The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodz Ghetto. 18 March 1942. Courtesy of Oxford University Press.

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§²§Ö§Ò§Ö§ß§à§Ü §Ó §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1940¨C1944 §Ô§Ô. - Photograph by Mendel Grossman (1913-1945) who died on a death march, 30 April 1945. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #24635, Courtesy of Moshe Zilbar, Source Record ID: Collections: 2005.214. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§²§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Þ §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó§í§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à. §¥§Ö§ä§Ú §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §ä§Ñ§â§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ó §¤§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1941-1942 §Ô§Ô. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #08059. Courtesy of Karl Katz. Copyright United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Beit Lohamei Haghetaot (Ghetto Fighters¡¯ House Museum) Source Record ID: 26792.

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§±§â§Ú§ß§å§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ä§â§å§Õ: §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §å§ä§ð§Ø§Ñ§ä §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§å§ð §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §æ§à§â§Þ§å §Ó §á§â§Ñ§é§Ö§é§ß§à§Û §Ó §¤§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à, §¢§Ö§Ý§Ñ§â§å§ã§î. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #08057. Courtesy of Karl Katz. Copyright United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Beit Lohamei Haghetaot (Ghetto Fighters¡¯ House Museum) Source Record ID: 7007.

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§®§Ö§ê§Ü§Ú §ã §á§Ö§â§î§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §á§å§ç§à§Þ, §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ-§ä§à §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§ñ§Þ, §ã§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §è§Ö§â§Ü§Ó§Ú §µ§ã§á§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¥§Ö§Ó§í §®§Ñ§â§Ú§Ú §Ó §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §Ü §à§ä§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ü§Ö §Ó §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1940-1944 §Ô§Ô. §¶§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §®§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ §¤§â§à§ã§ã§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ (1913-1945), §á§à§Ô§Ú§Ò§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ ?§Þ§Ñ§â§ê§Ñ §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú? 30 §Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§ñ 1945 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #24641. Courtesy of Moshe Zilbar. Source Record ID: Collections: 2005.214. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§±§à§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ñ §ã§í§Ô§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ §å§ß§Ú§é§ä§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó. §¥§Ö§á§à§â§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ú§Ù §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §¡§á§â§Ö§Ý§î 1942 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.§¶§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §£§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§Ö§â§Ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ, §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ, §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ò§å§ç§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ö§â§Ñ §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à §Ú §æ§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ñ-§Ý§ð§Ò§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #74534A. Courtesy of Robert Abrams. Source Record ID: Bild 101I/133/719/06. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§±§â§à§ë§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §Õ§Ö§á§à§â§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û, §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§î 1942 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¶§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §®§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ §¤§â§à§ã§ã§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ (1913¨C1945), §á§à§Ô§Ú§Ò§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ ?§Þ§Ñ§â§ê§Ñ §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú? 30 §Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§ñ 1945 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #23698. Gift of Hana Greenbaum and Shmuel Zilbar in memory of Rozka Grosman Zilbar and Moshe Zilbar (Zilberstein), and Mendel Grossman. Source Record ID: Collections: 2005.214. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§³§Ò§à§â §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ö§á§à§â§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§î §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú §·§Ö§Ý§Þ§ß§à, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§î 1942 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¯§Ú§Ü§ä§à §Ú§Ù §ß§Ú§ç §ß§Ö §Ó§í§Ø§Ú§Ý. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #50328. Courtesy of Instytut Pamieci Narodowej. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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RG Number: RG-50.030.0500, Oral History Interview with Paula S. Biren, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC.

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§¥§Ö§á§à§â§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó §Ú§Ù §¢§å§Õ§Ñ§á§Ö§ê§ä§Ñ, §£§Ö§ß§Ô§â§Ú§ñ, §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ñ §Ó§Ö§ß§Ô§Ö§â§ã§Ü§à§Û ?§á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ö§Û §ã§Ü§â§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ö§Ý?, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1944 §Ô. §¶§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ß. - Yad Vashem Photo Ar. Copyright Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature FA58_72. Photographer unknown.

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§¥§Ö§Ó§ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§ñ§ñ §¡§ß§ß§Ñ-§®§Ñ§â§Ú§ñ (§³§Ö§ä§ä§Ö§Ý§Ñ) §º§ä§Ñ§Û§ß§Ò§Ñ§ç, §Õ§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ü§Ñ §â§à§Þ§Ñ, §Ó§í§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Ù §ä§à§Ó§Ñ§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ñ§Ô§à§ß§Ñ, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ö§á§à§â§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §å§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§í§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§ñ §£§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§â§Ò§à§â§Ü, §¯§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§í, 1944 §Ô§à§Õ. §´§â§Ú §Þ§Ö§ã§ñ§è§Ñ §ã§á§å§ã§ä§ñ §³§Ö§ä§ä§Ö§Ý§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §å§Ò§Ú§ä§Ñ §Ó §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Þ §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§Ö §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú §¡§å§ê§Ó§Ú§è-§¢§Ú§â§Ü§Ö§ß§Ñ§å (§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ó 1940¨C1945 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç). - Copyright Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature 1475/30.

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§®§å§Ø§é§Ú§ß§í §â§à§Þ§Ñ §Ú §ã§Ö§â§Ò§í, §ã§à§Ô§ß§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ö§á§à§â§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Û §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§î §Á§ã§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§è §Ó §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §À§Ô§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ú, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1942¨C1943 §Ô§Ô. §£ §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §å§Ò§Ú§ä§à §à§ä 8000 §Õ§à 15000 §â§à§Þ§Ñ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives # #85799 Courtesy Muzej Revolucije Narodnosti Jugoslavije, Source Record ID: B 828/1 Copyright Jasenovac Memorial Museum.

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§¥§Ö§á§à§â§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó §Ú§Ù §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§î 1942 §Ô§à§Õ. §¶§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §·§Ö§ß§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ §²§à§ã§ã§Ñ, §Ó§í§Ø§Ú§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Ó §­§à§Õ§Ù§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à. - Photograph by Lodz ghetto survivor Henryk Ross. Copyright Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature 2631/27.

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§¢§Ñ§ê§Þ§Ñ§Ü§Ú, §Ò§â§à§ê§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Õ§Ö§á§à§â§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à §Ó §¬§Ñ§å§ß§Ñ§ã§Ö, §­§Ú§ä§Ó§Ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1943 §Ô. §¶§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ §¤§Ö§à§â§Ô§à§Þ §¬§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ê§Ö§Þ, §Ó§í§Ø§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ §Ó §¬§Ñ§å§ß§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§Ö§ä§ä§à. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #81082. Courtesy of George Kadish/Zvi Kadushin, photographer. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§³§Ú§Þ§à§ß §¨§Ö§â§ð§ê§Ú§Þ (1929 §Ô. §â.) §ß§Ñ§â§Ú§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ï§ä§Ú §Ñ§Ü§Ó§Ñ§â§Ö§Ý§Ú, §ã§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §Ó §å§Ò§Ö§Ø§Ú§ë§Ö. §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ñ, 1944 §Ô§à§Õ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #97018. Courtesy of Simon Jeruchim. Source Record ID: Collections: 2001.328.4. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§¤§â§å§á§á§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ö§Ü §Ó §¿§Û§ê§Ú§ê§Ü§Ö§ã§Ö, §­§Ú§ä§Ó§Ñ, §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §£§ä§à§â§à§Û §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§à§Û. §°§ß§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §å§Ò§Ú§ä§í §Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú 25-26 §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1941 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §£ §¿§Û§ê§Ú§ê§Ü§Ö§ã§Ö §á§â§à§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú 3500 §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó, §Ý§Ú§ê§î §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ü§à§Ó §Ú§Ù §ß§Ú§ç §Ó§í§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ó §·§à§Ý§à§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ö. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives # 16713. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Courtesy Yad Vashem.

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Flora Herzberger memoir, RG-02.162. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, Washington DC.

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§¦§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §Ú §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú §Ú§Ù §©§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§â§á§Ñ§ä§î§ñ §Ø§Õ§å§ä ?§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ü§è§Ú§Ú? §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ò§í§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Û §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§î §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú §¡§å§ê§Ó§Ú§è-§¢§Ú§â§Ü§Ö§ß§Ñ§å (§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ó 1940-1945 §Ô§Ô.), §Þ§Ñ§Û 1944 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #77255. Courtesy of Yad Vashem (Public Domain). Source Record ID: FA 268/055. Published Source: The Auschwitz Album ¨C Peter Hellman, Random House. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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§¦§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§í §Ú§Ù §©§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§â§á§Ñ§ä§î§ñ, §à§ä§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ §Ó §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Þ §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§Ö §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú §¡§å§ê§Ó§Ú§è-§¢§Ú§â§Ü§Ö§ß§Ñ§å (§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ó 1940¨C1945 §Ô§Ô.), §Þ§Ñ§Û 1944 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #77368. Courtesy of Yad Vashem (Public Domain). Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Source Record ID: FA 268/156.

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§°§é§Ü§Ú, §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §å§Ò§Ú§ä§í§Þ §Ó §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Þ §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§Ö §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú §¡§å§ê§Ó§Ú§è-§¢§Ú§â§Ü§Ö§ß§Ñ§å (§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ó 1940¨C1945 §Ô§Ô.), §à§Ü§ä§ñ§Ò§â§î 1945 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives # 14877, courtesy of Philip Vock. Copyright Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature 10D03.

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§´§Ö§â§Ú §©§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö§â §Ú §Ö§Ö §ã§í§ß §ª§Ö§Ô§à§ß§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß §Ó §²§à§Ø§ß§ñ§Ó§Ö, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §¹§Ö§ç§à§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ñ, 1936 §Ô§à§Õ. §°§ß§Ú §á§à§Ô§Ú§Ò§Ý§Ú §Ó §Ô§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§à§Û §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ö §Ó §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Þ §Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ö§â§Ö §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú §¡§å§ê§Ó§Ú§è-§¢§Ú§â§Ü§Ö§ß§Ñ§å (§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ó 1940¨C1945 §Ô§Ô.) 15 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1944 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. - Copyright Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Archival Signature 10011/4., Courtesy of Yocheved Chapnik.

 

, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §á§à§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ä§î §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§å §Þ§Ö§ã§ä §Ý§Ú§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§í §Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§å§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ §á§â§Ú §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Þ §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ö §Ú §Ö§Ô§à §ã§à§ð§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ç, 1933-1945 §Ô§Ô.

§³§ã§í§Ý§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§å §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ö§Þ §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§Ö §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ó §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §è§Ö§Ý§ñ§ç.

§¬§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ô-§Ø§à§Û §®§Ñ§Û§Ö§Û §¬§â§å§Ù§Ö §Ú §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§à§â§à§Þ §¿§ß§ß §¬§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ú §¯§à§å§Ý§Ù. §¡§Ó§ä§à§â§ã§Ü§à§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§à§â§Ñ §¡§ß§ß§í §¬§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ú §¯§à§å§Ý§Ù §Ú §Ô-§Ø§Ú §®§Ñ§Û§Ú §¬§â§å§Ù§Ö.

§ª§ã§é§Ö§Ù§ß§å§Ó§ê§Ú§Û §Þ§Ú§â §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í

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