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Contents
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Title Page
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Disclaimer
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Table of Contents
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Acronyms
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Foreword by the Secretary-General
of the 51³Ô¹Ï
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Preface by the Joint Coordinators
of the Group of Experts of the Regular Process
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Part I
Summary
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Part II
The Context of the Assessment
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Chapter 1
Introduction – Planet, Oceans and Life
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Chapter 2
Mandate, Information Sources and Method of Work
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Part III
Assessment of Major Ecosystem Services from the Marine Environment
(other than provisioning services)
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Chapter 3
Scientific Understanding of Ecosystem Services
Appendix [1]
Appendix [2]
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Chapter 7
Calcium Carbonate Production and Contribution to Coastal Sediments
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Chapter 4
The Ocean’s Role in the Hydrological Cycle
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Chapter 8
Aesthetic, Cultural, Religious and Spiritual Ecosystem Services Derived from the Marine Environment
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Chapter 5
Sea/Air Interaction
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Chapter 9
Conclusions on Major Ecosystem Services Other than Provisioning Services
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Chapter 6
Primary Production, Cycling of Nutrients, Surface Layer and Plankton
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Part IV
Assessment of the Cross-cutting Issues: Food Security and Food Safety
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Chapter 10
The Oceans and Seas as Sources of Food
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Chapter 14
Seaweeds
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Chapter 11
Capture Fisheries
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Chapter 15
Social and Economic Aspects of Sea-Based Food and Fisheries
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Chapter 12
Aquaculture
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Chapter 16
Syntehsis of Part IV Food Security and Safety
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Chapter 13
Fish Stock Propagation
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Part V
Assessment of Other Human Activities and the Marine Environment
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Chapter 17
Shipping
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Chapter 25
Marine Debris
Appendix
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Chapter 18
Ports
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Chapter 26
Land/Sea Physical Interaction
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Chapter 19
Submarine Cables and Pipelines
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Chapter 27
Tourism and Recreation
Appendix
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Chapter 20
Coastal, Riverine and Atmospheric Inputs from Land
Appendix
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Chapter 28
Desalinization
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Chapter 21
Offshore Hydrocarbon Industries
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Chapter 29
Use of Marine Genetic Resources
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Chapter 22
Other Marine-Based Energy Industries
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Chapter 30
Marine Scientific Research
Appendix
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Chapter 23
Offshore Mining Industries
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Chapter 31
Conclusions on Other Human Activities
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Chapter 24
Solid Waste Disposal
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Chapter 32
Capacity-Building in Relation to Human Activities Affecting the Marine Environment
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Part VI
Assessment of Marine Biological Diversity and Habitats
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Chapter 33
Introduction
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Section A — Overview of Marine
Biological Diversity
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Chapter 34
Global Patterns in Marine Biodiversity
Appendix
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Chapter 36D. South
Pacific Ocean
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Chapter 35
Extent of Assessment of Marine Biological Diversity
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Chapter 36E. Indian
Ocean
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Chapter 36. Overall Status of Major Groups of
Species and Habitats
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Chapter 36F. Open
Ocean Deep Sea
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Chapter 36A. North
Atlantic Ocean
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Chapter 36G. Arctic
Ocean
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Chapter 36B. South
Atlantic Ocean
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Chapter 36H. Southern
Ocean
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Chapter 36C. North
Pacific Ocean
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Section B — Marine Ecosystems,
Species and Habitats Scientifically Identified as Threatened, Declining or
Otherwise in need of Special Attention or Protection
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I. Marine Species
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Chapter 37
Marine Mammals
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Chapter 40
Sharks and Other Elasmobranchs
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Chapter 38
Seabirds
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Chapter 41
Tunas and Billfishes
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Chapter 39
Marine Reptiles
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II. Marine
Ecosystems and Habitats
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Chapter 42
Cold-Water Corals
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Chapter 47
Kelp Forests and Seagrass Meadows
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Chapter 43
Tropical and Sub-Tropical Coral Reefs
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Chapter 48
Mangroves
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Chapter 44
Estuaries and Deltas
Appendix
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Chapter 49
Salt Marshes
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Chapter 45
Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps
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Chapter 50
Sargasso Sea
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Chapter 46
High-Latitude Ice and the Biodiversity Dependent on it
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Chapter 51
Biological Communities on Seamounts and Other Submarine Features Potentially Threatened by Disturbance
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Section C — Environmental, economic
and/or social aspects of the conservation of marine species and habitats and
capacity-building needs
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Chapter 52
Synthesis of Part VI: Marine Biological Diversity and Habitats
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Chapter 53
Capacity-Building Needs in Relation to the Status of Species and Habitats
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Part VII
Overall Assessment
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Chapter 54
Overall Assessment of Human Impact on the Oceans
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Chapter 55
Overall Value of the Oceans to Humans
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Glossary
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List of Contributors and Commentators
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